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Biology One-Honors > Quarterly Assessment 3 > Flashcards

Quarterly Assessment 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

Hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA, occupies a location on a chromosome.

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2
Q

A gene has information to make:

A

proteins.

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike strand of DNA in the nucleus that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information.

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4
Q

DNA is made up of what?:

A

Nucleotides.

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5
Q

Nucleotide round ball:

A

Phosphate group.

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6
Q

Nucleotide Rectangle:

A

Nitrogenous base.

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7
Q

Nucleotide pentagon:

A

Deoxyribose.

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8
Q

Hydrogen bonds:

A

Holds original DNA molecule between nitrogenous bases.

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9
Q

DNA helicase:

A

Unzips original DNA molecule.

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10
Q

DNA polymerase:

A

Enzymes that add nucleotides, following base pairing rules, to the original strands.

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11
Q

Identical:

A

Molecule of DNA are left behind after enzyme has passed the end of the original DNA molecule.

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12
Q

DNA location:

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

RNA location:

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm.

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14
Q

DNA function:

A

Long-term storage and transmission of genetic information.

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15
Q

RNA function:

A

Control production of proteins.

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16
Q

DNA nucleotides:

A

A, T, G, C

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17
Q

RNA nucleotides:

A

A, C, G, U

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18
Q

DNA role:

A

Contains genetic code.

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19
Q

RNA role:

A

What makes up the ribosomes which are used to translate mRNA.

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20
Q

mRNA function:

A

Copy DNA code and take to ribosome.

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21
Q

mRNA location:

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

mRNA type:

A

Codon

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23
Q

rRNA function:

A

Part of ribosomes. Made of proteins.

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24
Q

rRNA location:

A

Cytoplasm, ribosomes.

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25
Q

tRNA function:

A

Bring each amino acid from cytoplasm to ribosome.

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26
Q

tRNA type:

A

Anticodon

27
Q

Transcription

A

Part of DNA is copied into mRNA. Looks like double helix.

28
Q

Transcription location:

A

Nucleus

29
Q

Translation

A

mRNA message is used to make a protein.

30
Q

Translation organelle location:

A

Ribosomes

31
Q

Protein synthesis step 1

A

DNA separates into 2 strands and mRNA strand is transcribed from DNA.

32
Q

Protein synthesis step 2

A

RNA is copied from DNA in transcription.

33
Q

Protein synthesis step 3

A

mRNA moves from cytoplasm and attaches to ribosome.

34
Q

Protein synthesis step 4

A

Codon of the messenger RNA moves through the ribosome, proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by tRNA.

35
Q

Protein synthesis step 5

A

Ribosome joins together each amino acid and the protein chain grows.

36
Q

Protein synthesis step 6

A

Ribosome reaches stop codon, protein is complete and messenger RNA leaves ribosome.

37
Q

Protein synthesis step 7

A

Protein detaches from ribosome and leaves and translation ends.

38
Q

DNA to mRNA codon

A

Everything goes opposite: A to U.

39
Q

mRNA codon to tRNA anticodon

A

Copy DNA codon and replace T with U.

40
Q

tRNA anticodon to amino acid:

A

Use mRNA codon.

41
Q

Relationship between amino acids and codons:

A

Codons are 3 nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule. DNA, organic molecule type is an amino acid.

42
Q

Building blocks of proteins:

A

amino acids

43
Q

Mutation. Affect protein synthesis?

A

Changes in the genetic material. Change the number of mRNA bases that make up the codons.

44
Q

Change in sequence of bases in DNA

A

Different protein is made.

45
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Used to separate DNA fragments by their size.

46
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources.

47
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication; chromosomes copied.

48
Q

Meiosis produces

A

4 haploid daughter

49
Q

Mitosis produces

A

2 identical daughter

50
Q

Prophase

A

Visible chromosomes, centrioles separate and move to opposite sides of nucleus, spindle forms, nuclear envelope breakdown.

51
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in center, centromere of each chromosome to spindle poles.

52
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids become individual and move to opposite sides until 2 separate groups.

53
Q

Telophase and cytokinesis

A

Chromosomes gather at opposite ends. Loose shape. Spindle breaks. New nuclear envelope forms.

54
Q

How to find percent of time:

A

Divide.

55
Q

Binary fission:

A

Prokaryotic cell divides into 2 equal parts.

56
Q

Mitosis:

A

A sexual reproduction cell divides in 2.

57
Q

Meiosis:

A

Number of chromosomes are reduced by half.

58
Q

Mitosis purpose:

A

Growth and repair.

59
Q

Meiosis purpose:

A

Sexual reproduction.

60
Q

Mitosis chromosome number:

A

46

61
Q

Meiosis chromosome number:

A

23

62
Q

Allele

A

Different form of a gene.

63
Q

Selective breeding

A

Breeding for particular traits.

Biology One-Honors (2 decks)

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