quarterly 3 review Flashcards
hypothesis
an inferred explanation for a proposed question that can be tested through experiment or observation, statement of expected outcome
independent variable
factor that is changed and is tested
dependent variable
factor that is measured
control
group that scientists compare the results against, no independent variable being tested on this group
experimental group
the group that the independent is tested on and is exposed to the variable
validity
makes data more accurate and reliable, the extent to which a study or measurement assesses concept it intends to measure
passive transport
doesn’t use energy- no ATP, high to
low concentration, ex: osmosis + diffusion
active transport
use energy- ATP, low to high concentration
what organelle controls transport of materials?
semi-permeable and porous cell membrane- helps to maintain homeostasis and provided protection for the cell
immunity
accumulation of specific antibodies in plasma to resist disease and fight off the infection
pathogen
disease or illness causing virus, bacteria or parasites
antigen
protein makers on the surface of all cells, each organism has its own specific antigen, often used to identify foreign cells
antibody
Y-shaped proteins produces by plasma b that recognizes and binds to specific foreign substance called antigens, marking them for destruction
vaccine
an injection that contains weakened forms of a disease-causing pathogen, which triggers the immune system to recognize the pathogen and produce antibodies against it and memory cells
how are anitbodies and antigens related?
Antibodies recognize and bind to specific foreign substances, antigens marking them for destruction or neutralization
hypotonic solution
solution has less solutes and a high concentration of water than inside the cell, water moves from solution into the cell- swells and bursts open- cytolysis
hypertonic solution
solution has more solutes and less water than inside the cell, water moves from inside the cell out- shrinks- plasmolysis
explain PH scale
0-6 is an acid, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is base
memory cells
are naturally made from sickness, cells that remain in circulation for years
haploid/monoploid
a single set of chromosomes (half)
diploid
two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (full chromosomes
How do gametes differ from somatic cells?
- somatic cells are body cells and are diploids, 46 chromosomes, 23 from each
- gametes are sex cells and are haploid, contain 1 of each type of chromosome and are sex cells
how are gametes made and where?
meiosis cell division creates gametes:
sperm- testes (male)
eggs- ovaries (female)
testes
egg-shaped male reproductive part that produce and secrete testosterone (endocrine function) and produce sperm-gametes, location of gametogenesis
scrotum
external sac that holds the testes outside the body, keeps sperm 3-4° cooler than body temp (98.6°)
epididymis
coiled tubes that receive sperm from the testes, immature sperm collect and finalize development (flagella motility) here before entering the the vas deferens
Vas deferens
the tube that carries mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra, passes near the seminal vesicles glands so semen is secreted into the vas deferens
urethra
tube that carries semen (sperm and fluid) outside of the body through the penis-*excretory system, also carries urine from the bladder
male reproductive glands- seminal vesicles
secrete fluid into vas deferens as the sperm travels through, fluid- provides a medium for sperm to move (motility), glucose for energy and neutralizes PH
semen
fluid + sperm
male anatomy path in order
testes (within scrotum)—>epididymis—>vas deferens (passes glands)—>glands—>urethra (through penis)
ovaries
produces estrogen- regualtes menstural cycle, promotes secondary sex characteristics and prepares the uterus for pregnancy
produces progesterone- maintains uterine lining for potential pregnancy if fertilization occurs
egg/ovum production-oogenesis, releases a mature egg during ovulation, work with pituitary gland to regulate the cycle through hormone feedback mechanisms
fallopian tubes/oviducts
transport the egg (use cilia and muscular contractions), site of fertilization- where sperm meets the egg
uterus
muscular organ (to support possible baby), lining is thickening every month in case the egg is fertilized, it will implant in the uterine lining and develop, site of implantation and development of embyro/fetus
cervix
narrow opening at the bottom of the uterus, closes during pregnancy
vagina
muscular tube that extends from the cervix to external environment, also called birth canal when giving birth
female reproductive pathway in order
ovules—>fallopian tube—>uterus—>cervix—>vagina
placenta role in fetal development
connects fetus to the umbilical cord, site of nutrient and oxygen exchange (allows essential nutrients like antibodies from mother’s blood to pass into the fetus), removes carbon dioxide and other waster products from the fetus
where are the gametes made in the flower?
anthers (male)- sperm/pollen
ovules (female)- fertilied ovule-seed, the ovary that grows around the seed-fruit
how and where are gametes joined in a flower?
pollination- pollen form the anthers is deposited on the stigma, which grows a pollen tube through the style to the ovary to join the ovule
photosynthesis equation
CO2 + H20 —sunlight—> O2 + C6H12O2 + energy (ATP)
how and what gases are exchanged in the leaf?
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the stomata controlled by guard cells
respiration equation
O2 + C6H12O6 —–> CO2 + H2O
where does respiration occur in the cell and what organisms respirate?
occurs in the mitochandria, all organisms respirate 24/7
where does photosynthesis occur and which organisms photosynthesize?
occurs in the chloroplasts during light hours, plants and autotrophs photosynthesize
red blood cells
shaped like round plates that are indented in the center, do not have organelles, contains red iron rich pigment- hemoglobin (carries oxygen from lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide from body to lungs)
platelets
smaller, numerous, responsible for clotting of blood, produce protein- fibrin- to form a web into which cells are trapped
white blood cells
fight infections, part of immune system, large and no color
Macrophages- aid in fighting disease by engulfing pathogens, bacteria, viruses and foreign organisms
Lymphocytes- produce proteins known as antibodies (immunity) produced when antigens enter the body
what is the enzyme and substrate lock and key comparison
enzyme (generally ends in -ase) is specific to their substrate, reusable, act as catalysts proteins- lock
substrate- key
- they are complementary to each other, like how a key is complementary to a lock
what could happen if the fallopian tubes are blocked?
the sperm would be unable to meet the egg, preventing fertilization and therefore the development of an ovum/embryo
homeostasis
the maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism despite changes in the external environment
describe a feedback mechanism that helps maintain glucose homeostasis in a healthy individual
an increase in blood glucose levels triggers the release of insulin, insulin then decreases blood glucose levels
Why is the shape of a molecule crucial to its function in biological systems?
The shape of a molecule determines how it can interact with other molecules during chemical reactions
autotroph
organisms that can produce their own food, usually through photosynthesis
heterotroph
an organism that cannot produce its own food and must obtain energy from consuming other organisms, rely on organic matter
What do all organic substances contain?
carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
what is the male reproductive part of a plant?
stamen- anther and filament which make pollen
what is the female reproductive part of a plant?
pistil- stigma, style and ovary
