Quarter 2 Exam

Question 1

Unit 4

Colonialism

Answer 1

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. Many countries such as France, Britain, Belgium, Japan, and the US utilized colonialism to their advantage through practices such as imperialism

Question 2

Unit 4

Positive Effects of Colonialism

Answer 2

Large railroad network enabled India to develop a modern economy and brought unity to the connected regions. It also brought modern road networks, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals. Sanitation and public health improved. Schools and colleges were founded which increased literacy. British troops also cleared central India of bandits and stopped local warfare.

Question 3

Unit 4

Negative Effects of Colonialism

Answer 3

Britain held political and economic power and restricted Indian run industries. The villagers lost their self sufficiency. The conversion to cash crops reduced food productions which caused famines. Increased presence of missionaries and the racist attitude of many British officials threatened traditional Indian life.

Question 4

Unit 4

Imperialist Motives: Economics

Answer 4

• make money
• expand and control foreign trade
• create new markets for products
• acquire raw materials and cheap labor
• compete for investments and resources
• export industrial technology and transportation methods

Question 5

Unit 4

Imperialist Motives: Political

Answer 5

• gain power
• compete with other European countries
• expand territory
• exercise military force
• gain prestige by winning colonies
• boost national pride and security

Question 6

Unit 4

Imperialist Motives: Religious

Answer 6

• spread Christianity
• protect European missionaries in other lands
• spread European values and moral beliefs
• educate people of other cultures
• end slave trade in Africa

Question 7

Unit 4

Imperialist Motives: Exploratory

Answer 7

• desire to explore unknown lands and cultures
• conduct scientific searches for causes and treatments of diseases
• go on adventures

Question 8

Unit 4

Imperialist Motives: Ideological

Answer 8

• cultural values–white superiority, other cultures primitive
• Europeans should civilize people in other parts of the world
• great nations should have empires
• only the strongest nations will survive

Question 9

Unit 4

Racial/Social Darwinism

Answer 9

The belief that one race is superior to another. Social Darwinism specifically refers to the idea that Charles Darwin had about evolution and survival of the fittest and it shows how it applies to human societies. Many Europeans thought that they were better than other people and that the reason they were wealthy and successful means they are superior to others. Europeans thought they had the right or duty to bring their progress to other countries. Many missionaries also believed that it was their job to convert people to Christianity in order to end slave trade and civilize/Westernize foreign lands.

Question 10

Unit 4

Belgian Congo

Answer 10

Name of the Belgian colony in the Congo that was 80x bigger than Belgium. After Leopold exploited Africans in the Belgian’s Congo land, the Belgian government took power away from him in 1909. Belgium’s land in the Congo alarmed France because there was a different treaty that gave France the north bank of the Congo river. Soon, Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain were all claiming parts of Africa.

Question 11

Unit 4

Cash Crops

Answer 11

Crops that could be produced in large quantities and make a lot of money, even though they’re not particularly to those who grow them. Cash crops were often introduced to colonial areas like India which resulted in the loss of self-sufficiency for the local farmers.

Question 12

Unit 4

Scramble for Africa

Answer 12

A word used to describe the frantic struggle to obtain African territory that began around 1880. The French had began to expand from west Africa to western Sudan and the discovery of diamonds made Europeans more interested. It was a fierce competition and nobody wanted to be left out.

Question 13

Unit 4

Zulus/British

Answer 13

One Zulu Chief, Shaka, created a large centralized state through military power. His successors, however, were unable to keep the kingdom together against British invaders. In 1879, the British invaded the Zulu nations when king Cetshwayo refused to accept British rule. The Zulus nearly won but were eventually defeated in the Battle of Ulundi. Africa was made up of many different ethnic groups that competed for claims over huge areas of land. One tribe of people were the Zulus. The British were the group that eventually conquered them. After the Battle of Ulundi, the Zulu nation fell to British control 1887.

Question 14

Unit 4

Shaka

Answer 14

Zulu chief that created a large centralized state through military power, but when he died, they could no longer last against the British

Question 15

Unit 4

Battle of Ulundi

Answer 15

Battle between British and Zulus. British won and the Zulu nation was under their control 1887.

Question 16

Unit 4

Boers/Afrikaners

Answer 16

Dutch settlers (dutch word for farmer) who took Africans’ land and made big farms. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa and they went to the Cape of Good hope. When the British took over the Cape Colony, they clashed with the Boers on policies regarding land and slaves. In the 1830s, to escape the British, thousands of boers moved north in what is called the great trek. They eventually ended up clashing with Zulus and other African groups.

Question 17

Unit 4

Great Trek

Answer 17

Done by Boers moving north when the British came in 1830s. Ended up clashing with other groups.

Question 18

Unit 4

Boer War

Answer 18

Conflict between Boers and British (1899-1902) to control territory in South Africa. It was a total war and Black South Africans were also involved, fighting, and sometimes acting as workers or scouts. Many were imprisoned and in camps too. When diamonds and gold were discovered in SA 1860s and 1880s, adventurers rushed to the land. Boers wanted to keep the outsiders from gaining political rights but their attempt for a revolution failed. They blamed British and took up arms. It is considered the first total war because the Boers launched commando raids and used guerrilla tactics. The British, in response, burned farms and imprisoned women and children in concentration camps. The British eventually won the war, joining the Boer Republics into the Union of South Africa.

Question 19

Unit 4

Berlin Conference

Answer 19

A meeting beginning in 1844 where European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa. They agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notfying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area. European nations ended up dividing the continent without paying attention to the different African groups. Competition for African land was so divisive that European countries feared war before the conference. The conference was set up on how to divide Africa, sealing their fate, despite not having any african reps.

Question 20

Unit 4

British East India Company

Answer 20

A company that controlled much Indian land that was regulated by the British government. However, until the 19th century, the company ruled India with little interference from the British government. They set up trading posts at Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta in the 1600s and then when the Mughal dynasty began to collapse, the company gained more power in a victory led by Robert Clive. From that point on, it was the leading power in India. Eventually, it governed Bangladesh, most of Southern India, and almost along the territory along the ganges in the north. The company’s control of India brought wealth to Britain because India was a major supplier of raw materials and a large potential market for British goods. Because of this, India was often considered the brightest jewel in the crown or the most valuable colony. In order to control India, the British restricted the Indian Economy by forcing them to produce raw materials for british and to buy british goods without any competition, which harmed local producers. India was also valuable because of a large rr network that allowed materials to move around quickly.

Question 21

Unit 4

Sepoys

Answer 21

Indian soldiers who staffed many armies under the British East India Company. It showed how independent the Company was because they had their own armies. Also, because the soldiers were indians, there was always the possibility for rebellion.

Question 22

Unit 4

Castes

Answer 22

The social hierarchy in India which determine Indian occupations. They had four broad categories called varna, and civil servants were the third varna, and house and personal servants were the fourth varna. For the British army in India and Indians themselves, social class determined way of life. Castes exemplified the divisions in Indian Society

Question 23

Unit 4

Varna

Answer 23

The four categories of castes are called varna. The third is civil servants, and the fourth is personal and house servants.

Question 24

Unit 4

Infrastructure Improvements

Answer 24

Infrastructure improvements like a vast rr network were brought to india from britain. The rr network allowed a modern economy to develop and brought unity to the country. Other improvements such as road network, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals helped modernize India. The infrastructure improvements help to illustrate that the colonization of India wasn’t strictly negative.

Question 25

Unit 4

Sepoy Mutiny

Answer 25

Rebellion in 1857 of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India. The uprising spread over much of Northern India and led to fighting. It was hard for Idians to unite because of divisions between Muslims and Hindus. By 1850 British controlled most of India, but many people were discontent. Indians believed that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity and they resented the constant racism of the British. In 1857, word spread that the new rifle cartridges were greased with pork and beef fat, animals considered sacred by Hindus and Muslims. Many of the sepoys refused cartridges and were jailed. The next day the sepoys rebelled. As a result of the fighting, the East India Company took over a year to regain control and overall, the mutiny marked a turning point in Indian history because it led to the Raj, where the British government took direct control of India. It also fueled racist attitudes of the British.

Question 26

Unit 4

Raj

Answer 26

A period of rule over India where the British government tookk direct control. It included the reign of Queen Victoria. A cabinet member in London directed policy and a British governor general in India carried out the governments orders. The Raj was stricter and began after the Sepoy mutiny. Britain won greater control of the Indian states even though they claimed some were technically independent.

Question 27

Unit 4

Muslim League

Answer 27

A nationalist group formed by Indians as a result of growing nationalist sentiment. Also another one called Indian National congress

Question 28

Unit 4

Balance of Trade

Answer 28

At Guangzhou, the balance of trade was clearly in China’s favor, meaning it earned much more for exports than imports. China largely isolated itself from the West and was mostly self sufficient due to a healthy agricultural economy and extensive manufacturing and mining industries. As a result, china had little interest in trading with the west and the only place foreigners could do business was at the southern port of guangzhou. The Europeans were determined to find a good that the Chinese would buy in large quantities, which is how the opium trade began

Question 29

Unit 4

Guangzhou

Answer 29

Only place china allowed foreigners to do business at this southern port.

Question 30

Unit 4

Chinese Isolationism

Answer 30

For much of its history, china has rejected foreign influence which it was able to do because it is self sufficient. That led it to reject trade with the West. In Guangzhou, the balance of trade was in China’s favor which angered European merchants because they couldn’t sell their goods.

Question 31

Unit 4

Opium

Answer 31

An addictive narcotic made from poppy plant. British merchants smuggled it into china for nonmedical use in the late 18th century and by 1835, as many as 12 million Chinese were addicted. Until opium, China clearly held more power over trade, so the Europeans needed something the even the balance. The growing supply of Opium cause problems for chins and the qing emperor got angry sending a letter to Queen Victoria about the issue. When there was no response and Britain would not stop selling Opium, The opium war began.

Question 32

Unit 4

Opium War

Answer 32

A conflict between Britain and China from 1839-1842 as a result of Britain’s opium trade in China. The battles were mostly at sea where China’s outdated ships could not defeat Britain’s steam powered gunboats. This was a result of the Qing emperor not liking the results of smuggling opium, and Britain refusing to stop the trade. The Chinese suffered an embarrassing defeat and eventually signed a peace treaty called the treaty of Nanjing in 1842.

Question 33

Unit 4

Treaty of Nanjing

Answer 33

Treaty signed in 1842 that ended the Opium war. It gave Britain the island of Hong Kong. The Chinese handily lost the Opium war and this is the treaty they had to sign. A later treaty signed in 1844 gave the US and other foreign cities extraterritorial rights, meaning that foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou and four other Chinese ports.This led to a resentment by the Chines of foreigners and the Opium trade they conducted. It gave Britain Hong Kong, led to more treaties with extraterritorial rights, and all foreigners encroached further on China.

Question 34

Unit 4

Extraterritoriality

Answer 34

The state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. Situations where extraterritoriality was extended to foreign people, such as in Japan and China, often interrupted the isolation of a country and allowed foreign influence to expand.

Question 35

Unit 4

Nationalism

Answer 35

Many Chinese hated their loss of power so they pushed fro strong reforms. One of the people calling for change was china’s emperor Guangxu. He introduced measures to modernize China. However, most Qing officials saw this as a threat to their power, so they called the Dowager Empress back into power and she quickly arrested Guangxu and took control of the government She reversed the reforms so Guangxu brought no change. Frustration grew and it eventually led to violence among peasants who resented the privileges given to foreigners and the Christians. To show their discontent towards rights to foreigners, the peasants formed a secret organization known as the society of the righteous and harmonious fists. It became known as the boxers who lead the boxer rebellion.

Question 36

Unit 4

Guanhxu

Answer 36

China’s emperor who wanted to modernize China, but was seen as a threat by Qing officials, so was replaced by Dowager Empress Cixi where all of his reforms were undone.