Quarter 1 Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Absolute Monarch
A
- Unit 1
- Ex: Louis XIV
- when one has complete power
- says they get the throne and have unrestricted power over the state
- happens in monarchies
2
Q
intendants
A
- Unit 1
- French government officials
- appointed by monarch to collect taxes and administer justice
- when Louis XIV got full power, weakened the nobles by excluding them from his councils and he increased the power of intendants
- he made sure local officials had a lot of communication with him
3
Q
Louis XIV
A
- Unit 1
- he though he was the same thing as the state
- 4 y/o when he started his rule
- 1643 was king at death of father, but the actual ruler was cardinal Mazarin whose greatest triumph was during the 30 years war in 1648
- people, especially nobles, hated Mazarin because he increased taxes and strengthened central government
- 1648-1653 violent riots against Mazarin
- Louis XIV never wanted that to happen to him, so he vowed to become very strong to not let that happen
- nobles failed because they distrusted each other
- eventually got weary and accepted an oppressive king
- Mazarin dies 1661 and Louis 22 y/o takes control, weakening noble power and really using the intendants, and using a lot of communication between local officials and him
- devoted himself to have France get economic, political, and cultural brilliance. Colbert helped with that using his mercantile policies making tariffs, and trying to make France self sufficient
- Louis XIV spent a lot of money on himself
- having the nobles in the palace made them depend on Louis and it gave more power to the intendants
- lived at Versailles
- patronage of the arts
- fought a bunch of wars–invaded Spanish Netherlands, successful, lead army into dutch Netherlands, they used floods and dikes but eventually treaty of Nijmegen giving some land to french
- but, end of 1680s, almost all of Europe against France. they wanted a balance of power
- 1689 dutch prince William of orange is king of England and joined league of Augsburg which had that emperor, Sweden, Spain and smaller states. together they equaled the strength of french.
- France weak from some bad harvests, and people constantly taxed
- Louis XIV grandson rules Spain after Charles II dies. Name is Philip of Anjou
- Now 2 greatest European powers ruled by French Bourbons. Other countries feel threatened so 1701 England, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal, German/Italian states join together to prevent Spanish and French throne union. Struggle called War of the Spanish Succession.
- stopped after treaty of Utrecht saying Louis grandson can be king as long as they do not unite.
- Great Britain big winner of war because they got Gibraltar, and in general had more involvement in trading African slaves. Also got Newfoundland and other lands like that. Prussia and Savoy recognized
- Louis last years sad. regrets what suffering his wars brought to France. People happy when he died. Mixed legacy. Good art, literature, military. Had debt and bad treatment of poor eventually leads to revolution
4
Q
Versailles
A
Unit 1
- palace built there
- 11 miles SW of Paris
- everything luxurious
- huge, and really showed his wealth
- center of the arts which had a purpose to glorify king and promote values that supported his absolutist role
- forced a ton of people to work on the palace
- nobles like his slaves waiting to help him so they could be acknowledged
5
Q
Divine Right
A
Unit 1
- idea that God created monarchy and it acted as Gods representative on earth
- answers only to God, not his or her subjects
- believed in by absolute monarchs
6
Q
Huguenots
A
Unit 1
- after Colbert’s death he slowed economic progress by cancelling the Edict of Nantes
- so, religious freedom of Huguenots no longer protected, so many of them fled the country and it made France have less skilled workers because many of them were artisans and business people
- Calvinism followers in France
7
Q
Enlightenment
A
Unit 1
- originated from Locke and Hobbes key ideas
- Hobbes wrote Leviathan and said that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked so they needed governments to keep them in order. He thought people had to give up their rights to gain law and order. He called the agreement a social contract. He thought the best type of government was an absolute monarchy.
- Locke thought that people could learn from their experiences and improve themselves. He thought people could govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society. He thought all people were born with natural rights of life, liberty and property. The government should protect those rights. If they do not, citizens can overthrow it. It is the foundation of modern democracy. It inspired struggles for liberty.
8
Q
Reason
A
Unit 1
- one of the 5 core beliefs of the enlightenment. Social critics in France, the philosophes, believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life, like reason was applied to science.
- reason is that enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking.
- nature is that what is natural is also good and reasonable
- happiness is that people should be happy on earth, not only focus on the afterlife
- progress is that society and humankind can improve
- liberty is what the English people had won in the Glorious Revolution and in the Bill of Rights
9
Q
Philosophes
A
Unit 1
- social critics in France believed in 5 core beliefs
- reason is that enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking.
- nature is that what is natural is also good and reasonable
- happiness is that people should be happy on earth, not only focus on the afterlife
- progress is that society and humankind can improve
- liberty is what the English people had won in the Glorious Revolution and in the Bill of Rights
- most famous person is Voltaire who used satire to get his points across in a lot of literature
- includes Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau
10
Q
Thomas Hobbes
A
Unit 1
-Hobbes wrote Leviathan and said that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked so they needed governments to keep them in order. He thought people had to give up their rights to gain law and order. He called the agreement a social contract. He thought the best type of government was an absolute monarchy.
11
Q
John Locke
A
Unit 1
-Locke thought that people could learn from their experiences and improve themselves. He thought people could govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society. He thought all people were born with natural rights of life, liberty and property. The government should protect those rights. If they do not, citizens can overthrow it. It is the foundation of modern democracy. It inspired struggles for liberty.
12
Q
social contract
A
Unit 1
- Hobbes believed in it
- agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government
- to escape a bleak life where all humans are selfish, they will trade off some rights to the government to get law and order
13
Q
popular sovereignty
A
Unit 1
- idea that there is a democracy and the governments power comes from the consent of the people
- helped inspire struggles for liberty in Europe and the Americas
- Locke believed in it
14
Q
natural rights
A
Unit 1
- Locke believed in it
- everyone is born free and equal with the three natural rights of life, liberty, and property
- governments purpose should be to protect the rights
15
Q
Voltaire
A
Unit 1
- most famous and influential philosophes was Voltaire who used satire to get his points across in a lot of literature
- real name is Francois Marie Arouet
- made frequent targets the clergy, aristocracy, and government
- enemies in court and went to jail 2 times
- fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech
16
Q
Jean Jacques Rousseau
A
Unit 1
- committed to individual freedom
- essays
- disagree with many enlightenment thinkers by saying civilization corrupts people’s natural goodness
- fair and just laws should govern society
- only good government was freely formed and guided by general will of society–direct democracy
- give up some freedom for the common good
- different from Hobbes because it is agreement among individuals to create society and government, not a social contract
- broader democracy than what Locke wanted, saying all people should be equal with no nobles or anything
17
Q
Mary Wollstonecraft
A
Unit 1
- very persuasive
- disagrees with Rosseau and thinks that education is just as important for women to make them virtuous and useful
- also say that women should enter male dominated fields
18
Q
Adam Smith
A
Unit 1
- British thinker
- extend emphasis on the individual to economic thinking
- individuals acting in their own self interest creates economic progress
19
Q
Old Regime
A
Unit 1
- a political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution
- had 3 estates
- under a monarch
20
Q
Three Estates
A
Unit 1
- First estate: Roman Catholic Church clergy 10% of land in France. Provided education and relief to poor and 2% income to the government
- Second estate: rich nobles. 2% of population, owned 20% land and paid almost no taxes.
- first 2 estates don’t like Enlightenment ideals because it threatened their status
- Third estate: 97% of population in it. 3 groups, bourgeoisie was middle class of bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans. Often well-educated and believed in Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality. Some were as rich as nobles, but they still had to pay high taxes like the whole estate, and they had less privileges. Workers of the cities were the poorest group. They had low wages and often were hungry. If there was bread they may fight over it. Peasants were the largest group, making up more than 80% of France’s population. Paid half their income in dues to nobles, tithes, or taxes to the church, and taxes to the kings agents. Paid taxes on everything. Peasants and urban poor resent the clergy and nobles for their privileges.
- Third estate had spreading enlightenment ideas, especially from hearing about the American revolution.
- Economy bad and taxes way up on the third estate. Cost of living went up and crop failure so bread prices went way up. Many people almost starved.
21
Q
Louis XVI
A
Unit 1
- Did a lot of spending on himself and his wife Marie Antoinette
- lots of debt inherited too
- borrowed a lot to help Americans in their war against Britain
- 1786 government would not lend king any more money
- indecisive
- queen offered a lot of bad advice and she was unpopular because she is from Austria, a long time enemy of France
- Louis put off the debt until he had no money. Solution was to tax the nobility, but they forced him to call estates general meeting
22
Q
Estates-General
A
Unit 1
- an assembly of representatives from all 3 estates to approve the new tax
- held at Versailles May 5, 1789
- dominated by clergy and nobles
23
Q
National Assembly
A
Unit 1
-third estate delegates, mostly bourgeoisie who had enlightenment views wanted changes
insisted all 3 estates meet and each delegate gets a vote, giving the 3rd estate the advantage.
-King sided with nobles and said they should follow the rules
-clergyman Sieyes helped in a dramatic speech saying the third estate should be named the national assembly and pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people
-voted and started assembly, marking end of monarchy and start of representative government
-first act of revolution
-Locked out of meeting room, so tennis court oath that they would stay until a new constitution. In response Louis stationed mercenary army around Versailles
24
Q
Bastille
A
Unit 1
- rumors in Paris about what the king would do with the military
- people gather weapons in case of attack
- July 14th, storm Bastille, a Paris prison. Killed people and put heads on sticks.
- symbolic act of revolution
25
Q
Declaration of the Rights of Man
A
Unit 1
- revolutionary ideal statement of national assembly
- like declaration of independence
- stated that men are born free and remain free and equal in rights and also has liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. Has equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.
- slogan to keep up with ideals is liberty, equality, fraternity
26
Q
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
A
Unit 1
- passed by national assembly reforms targeted at the church
- took over church lands
- church officials need to be elected and paid as state officials
- reason was economic
- peasants mad because very catholic. Offended and from now on they opposed many assembly reforms
27
Q
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
A
Unit 1
- adopted by revolutionary leaders as their slogan
- sentiments did not apply to women though as shown by Gouges who made a declaration for the rights of women which was rejected
28
Q
emigres
A
Unit 1
-nobles and others who fled France and wanted to undo the Revolution and return to the old Regime.
29
Q
Constitution of 1791
A
Unit 1
- new constitution creating Legislative assembly
- stripped king of much authority
- king still had executive power to enforce laws
- Assembly declared war 1792
- Legislative assembly set aside the constitution so the king was deposed, and the assembly was dissolved, so they needed to elect a new legislature. New one was called the National Convention. Abolished monarchy and declared French a Republic
30
Q
Committee of Public Safety
A
Unit 1
- leader is Robespierre
- task is to protect Revolution from enemies
