Quarter 1 (Chapters 1-5) Flashcards
Paleolithic Era
the age of the first humans, who formed small egalitarian societies, used stone tools, and hunted and gathered for food
Agricultural Revolution
farming and livestock replaced hunting and gathering (eventually led to civilizations)
pastoral society
a society during the Agricultural Revolution that relied heavily on domesticated animals and moved from place to place
Chiefdom
a leader in an early settled farming village during the Agricultural Revolution with no oppressive power
Civilization
the world’s first complex societies (developed politics, social classes, etc.)
patriarchy
a society where men are valued highest (and women are not)
Mayan civilization
an early civilization in Meso-America that collapsed because they overused their land for farming and ran out of resources
India’s caste system
a rigid set of social classes characterized by religion, people were born into them and could not change their caste
Hinduism
India’s oldest and largest religion, polytheistic
Brahmins
the top caste of India’s social classes, the most important and involved in Hinduism
Brahman
a Hindu belief of the final/ultimate reality/World Soul (beyond objects, people, gods, divine energy connected us all)
Upanishads
Hinduism scriptures, collection of key beliefs organized in sacred texts
Siddhartha Gautama
founder of Buddhism, a prince from Nepal (or Northern India) who went on a spiritual journey after witnessing suffering and became the Buddha
“eightfold path”
a set of writings encouraging Buddhists to live a modest/moral/simple lifestyle
Nirvana
the state of enlightenment, reaching it is the goal of Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism
the older, more literal and conservative version of Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism
the newer, more accessible version of Buddhism that spread quickly
bhakti movement
- Buddhism lost popularity
- ## a Hindu way of worship that is more accessible and focused on passionate and personal relationships with divinity itself
Confucianism
Chinese thought process/religion made by Confucius (551-479 BCE), aimed at using family roles and good morals to achieve social and political harmony
Han Dynasty
(206 BCE - 220 CE) the Chinese political period when Confucianism was developed (during age of Warring States)
Daoism
A Chinese thought process/religion based on Laozi, prioritizing time with nature and solitude instead of education and politics to bring peace and order back to China during the age of Warring States
Dao
The central belief of Daoism that nature is the underlying and unchanging principle governs all nature
Judaism
the world’s first monotheistic religion, with prophets like Isaiah, Amos, and Jeremiah
Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus, a Jew who spread his teachings and got crucified for it, unknowingly started Christianity
Saint Paul
a missionary who helped spread early Christianity after the death of Jesus by making it open to non-Jews
Muhammad Ibn Abdullah
creator of Islam, a merchant from Mecca who was the messenger of Allah (spread Quran)
Quran
the main scripture of Islam, contains most direct teachings of Allah
umma
An Islam belief of the ideal/unified community against conflicts and for equality
ulama
an Islamic group who spread Islam through strict education
Sufism
- challenged ulamas + contributed to global spread of Islam
- an Islamic group who spread Islam as a personal journey with Allah that wasn’t as strict, lead to higher spread of Islam
Arab Empire
an empire that spread Islam quickly after the death of Muhammad and covered all of part of the Egyptian, Persian, Mesopotamian, Roman, and Indian civilizations
commercial exchange
the trading of goods between civilizations/people
Silk Roads
ancient trade route that connected China with the Mediterranean and everything in between, began ~200 BCE and operated for more than 1,500 years (main product was silk)
Sea Roads
trade routes through the Indian Ocean and South China Sea that linked between Southern China and Northern Africa (~before 1500 CE)
Sand Roads (aka Trans-Saharan trade routes)
trade across the Saharan desert that linked the Mediterranean and North Africa with West Africa (~300 and 400 BCE)
What 8 things spread/changed across civilizations thru commercial exchange?
1) goods
2) changed consumption
3) changed working lives
4) enabled class distinctions
5) stimulated and sustained states
6) technology
7) religion
8) disease
Song Dynasty
(960-1279) the “golden age” and most successful dynasty in Chinese history
China’s economic revolution
growth in the Chinese economy through extreme population growth, agricultural production and achievements, urbanization, increase in metallurgy industry, technology innovations, and commercializing society that made the Song Dynasty the most successful Chinese dynasty
Champa rice
fast-ripening and drought resistant grain of rice that China got from Vietnam (agricultural part of Chinese economic revolution)
Hangzhou
the capital of the Song Dynasty
metallurgy industry
the iron and steel industry (production in Song Dynasty China increased significantly bc of Chinese economic revolution)
printed books
the world’s first printed books made in China + part of Chinese economic revolution (changed literature worldwide)
gunpowder
invented in China for guns instead of arrows + part of Chinese economic revolution (changed war worldwide)
paper money
Chinese invented, part of Chinese economic revolution (allowed commerce to develop worldwide)
foot binding
an Ancient Chinese custom of tightly wrapping young girls’ feet that usually was extremely painful and broke their bones, showed patriarchy in the Song Dynasty
hangul
the Korean phonetic alphabet used to write their language (set Korean civilization apart from following China)
chu nom
aka “southern script”, Vietnam’s own version of Chinese writing that led to their own national literature and most educated women writing (set Vietnamese civilization apart from China)
Samurai
Japan’s local military warrior class (set them apart from China, who valued education over physical confrontation)
bushido
the way of the Samurai warrior, with values of bravery, loyalty, endurance, honor, + death over surrender
Shinto
Japanese native religious beliefs/practices, consist of kami (numerous spirits), made imperial family legit thru ancestral beliefs
Abbasid caliphate
Arab Dynasty that pretty much ruled the Islam world from 750-1258, was taken over by Seljuk Turkic people
Seljuk Turkic empire
1050-1300, Turkish empire made after taken over from Mongols
sultan
Muslim word for ruler, used in Seljuk Turkic empire and all Islamic empires
Ottoman Empire
created by Mongols/Turkic warrior groups that migrated into Anatolia (1300s to early 1900s), threat to Christendom and put Europe on defense mode
Sultanate of Delhi
Mulsim, Turkic-led dynasties that ruled India from 1206 (spread Islam, esp. in less Hindu areas)
Vijayanagar empire
1336-1646 most powerful Hindu state of South India, formed against Muslim states in North (more peaceful) and sustained Hinduism as the prominent religion in India
al-Adalus
Muslim-ruled Spain from 900s, spread Islamic culture and religiously tolerant but mostly Muslims, changed to intolerance bc of tension with Christians, who took over from 1200-1492
Ferdinand and Isabella
Catholic monarchs of unified Spain, took last Muslim stronghold on Iberian Peninsula and ended Muslim rule in Spain (changed to Christianity)
Byzantine Empire
Christian empire, most powerful for centuries until 1200 (ended in 1453 by Ottomans taking over Constantinople), viewed as continuing Roman empire but weakened bc of Islamic expansion
Constantinople
capital of Byzantine empire from 330
caesaropapism
religion directly connected to govt., as political leader is also leader of the church
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Type of Christianity followed in Byzantine Empire
Crusades
military forces launched by Catholic pope in 1095 against Islamic forces (religious wars to protect Christianity)
Kievan Rus
modest Rus state started in 800s, named after Kiev, loosely led by princes, spread Eastern Orthodox
Prince Vladamir
Kiev leader/prince that joined Kievan Rus with Eastern Orthodox Church in 988
Western Christendom
Roman Catholic civilization in Western Europe
feudalism
medieval Europe social system with manors/landowners, vassals, knights, etc. (fragmented and decentralized Europe)
manorialism
independent and isolated manors in Western Europe, warrior elite landowning lords had political, economic, and social power
serfs
lowest class in manorialism, tied to the estate but given more rights than slaves
cannons
- one of the technologies resulting from EU separating into states w/ monarchs holding power after 1000
- made in China but Europeans were the first to use them for war by 1450
magnetic compass
made in China but first used by Europeans, helped them become masters of the sea (navigation)
astrolabe
astronomy innovation, analog calculator supposedly made in Ancient Greece and used by Europeans to master the seas
lateen sail
triangular sails made by Mediterraneans or Arabs, used by Europeans and helped them navigate/maneuver ships
High Middle Ages
- 1000-1300, caused by good climate in Europe, population growth, new villages, expanded farms
- led to expansion, new agricultural technologies, mechanical energy sources, more ppl came (complex labor division bc guilds formed)
wind and sea currents
shaped trade between nations around Europe, affected Europe because they were masters of the sea (bc of innovations in ship designs)
“natural philosophy”
way of thinking by European philosophers that used logic and reason to solve divine mysteries during the High Middle Ages
European Renaissance
- began in Italy around 1350-1500, explosion of arts, technology, and rational thinking away from the Roman Catholic Church
- inspo from Greece and Rome
- start of individualism/capitalism, challenged Christian culture
Mesoamerica
region in the Americas of their most powerful empires (Aztec and Inca)
Maya civilization
250-900, civilization in modern day Guatemala and Yucatán region in Mexico, first notable civilization in Americas that ended due to its fragmented city-state structure and frequent wars
Triple Alliance (Aztec Empire)
1428, Mexica (semi-nomads from Mexico) developed military and did military conquests to form the Aztec empire between Mexica and 2 city states and politically unified Mesoamerica
enslaved people in Mexica society
captured from war/conquests, used for labor and mainly religious sacrifice
Inca Empire
1458-1533, along Andes in Mesoamerica, bigger than Aztec, built by Quecha speaking people through military conquest, bureaucratic
quipus
used in Inca empire, knotted cords that accounted population data such as deaths, births, and marriages (shows advancements in society)
mita
labor system used in the Inca empire that was required periodically of every household of conquered people, worked for the state (ex. faming mining, military, etc.) or specialization work
“gender parallelism”
ideology in Aztec and Inca empires that men and women operated in separate but equal spheres (had own roles, but equal, no patriarchy)
Silk Roads
trade routes that connected China to Eurasia and spread luxury goods (ex. silk, porcelain) and religions (Buddhism)
caravanserai
inns/guesthouses along the Silk Roads that camel caravans stopped at
textiles (Chinese silk)
type of woven fabric, silk was a status/wealth symbol in China
paper money
Chinese invention called “flying cash” that commercialized society
new forms of credit
new financial payment/exchanges in China that commercialized the economy (+Silk Roads)
money economy
goods/services exchanged using money that is the foundation of the economy
Neo-Confucianism
new form of Confucianism that formed in Japan and rejected Buddhist and Daoist aspects but appreciated high Buddhist morals and classic Confucian texts
Sea Roads
maritime trade routes through the Indian Ocean that connected South China to East Africa, carried bulky goods on ships for a mass market (ex. textiles, pepper, timber, etc.)
monsoons
alternating wind currents that blow Northeast in the summer and Southwest in the winter in the Indian Ocean, allowed the Sea Roads to develop
diasporic communities
permanent settlements for merchants along Sea Road routes, facilitated cultural fusion
Srivijaya
- 670-1025, Malay kingdom in Southeast Asia that started along the Sea Roads, an early example of how commerce, civilization, and religious change affected one another
- had Indian culture (advisers, politics, beliefs) + became major Buddhist hub
*shows how Indian culture spread along Sea Roads
Borobudur
in the Saliendra kingdom (close to Srivijaya), famous Buddhist monument (largest in world) to show path to enlightenment, represents Buddhism being culturally grounded in a new place (SE Asia)
Angkor Wat
made by Khmer Kingdon along Sea Roads, architectural representation of Hinduism, largest in pre-modern world, represents spread of Hinduism from India along Sea Roads
Malacca
capital port city of Malay Muslim Sultanate, central location in Sea Roads and was very cosmopolitan because of tons of diasporic communities there, represented growth of Islam in SE Asia, commerce/statebuilding connection, and created sea culture for merchants
pepper
popular product in Malacca that was grown in South Thailand and spread along the Sea Roads
Swahili civilization
- city-states along coast of East Africa, started in 700s
- result of long-distance trade and grew because of Sea Roads (commerce with African products)
- Islam expanded it because of Arab traders that linked them to Islamic traders in Sea Roads
Great Zimbabwe
state in inland Africa that developed because they had gold (was in demand in Sea Road trade), peak 1250-1350
banana
taken from Southeast Asia to Africa via Malay sailors in early Common Era, allowed agriculture to develop, which led to economic growth and were the foundations of chiefdoms and states developing in Africa
Zheng He
Muslim eunuch that was the captain of Chinese sea expeditions in the 1400s (started by Emperor Yongle), aimed to enroll distant states in Chinese tributary system and control foreign trade but stopped randomly so China could never have a maritime empire in the Indian Ocean area
Sand Roads
trade routes over Sahara desert, linked North Africa and the Mediterranean with interior West Africa
Arabian camel
introduced in early Common Era to North Africa and the Sahara, could survive 10 days without water so they made crossing the Sahara possible (led to Sand Roads)
West African civilization
600-1600 in Savannah grasslands, formed because of trade providing a reason/resources to build political structures
Ghana
a state/empire in the West African civilization from 700-1200 that was very wealthy
Mali
a state/empire in the West African civilization from 1230-1500 that was very wealthy because they directly controlled the imported and exported goods of their empire (kept gold for themselves)
Kano
Hausa state famous for making dyed cotton textiles in West Africa for the Sahara trade routes
Trans-Saharan Slave trade
1100-1400, around 5,500 slaves crossed the Sahara annually mostly to work in Islamic North Africa
Timbuktu
major trading city in West Africa civilization and became a center of Islamic learning as the religion spread to Africa via Muslim traders
Mansa Musa
ruler of Mali, said to be wealthiest man in world, 1324 hajj (Islamic pilgrimage) with loads of people and tons of gold, many of which he gave away
Canton
made in 700s by Arab and Persian traders, commercial colony in South China that linked China to the Islamic heartland
Islamic green revolution
spread of agriculture products/methods in Islamic world that increased food production, leading to population growth, urbanization, and development in the Islamic world
House of Wisdom
- made in 830 by Abbasid caliph al-Mamun
- academic research/translation center because of spread ideas and contributed to the world of learning, used by Mutazalites (Islamic thinkers)
- led to Islamic development in alegebra, astronomy, medicine, etc.
Arab Medicine
diagnosed diseases, developed treatments, first hospitals, travel clinics, examinations by 1200s (entered Europe via Spain)
American Web
loose web connecting the Americas, slowly spread crops/culture (ex. maize, pottery), commerce contributed to it
Cahokia
commercial node between 1100-1350 in Americas, traded with dugout canoes, known for big manmade pyramid in center
Chaco phenomenon
Chaco canyon was a commercial node in Americas, five major settlements/pueblos made in 860-1130 (largest: Pueblo Bonito), produced turquoise ornaments and ended suddenly because of droughts
pochteca
1400s, Aztec professional merchants that traded in and beyond the empire, got wealthy, societal “magnates of the land”
Tlatelolco
largest Aztec marketplace, near the capital, sold huge variety of goods
Inca empire trade
state run with big storehouses of goods recorded on quipus
Temujin (Chinggis/Genghis Khan)
1162-1227, named leader of Mongol empire in 1206, politically unified the Mongol empire and expanded it through military conquest
Mongol World War
half a century of war to expand the Mongol empire, started in 1209, consisted of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building
Ortughs
state-approved merchant groups in the Mongol empire, allowed to pool resources to limit losses if a caravan failed, represented emphasis on merchants/commerce in Mongol empire
Khubilai Khan
1271-1294, Mongol ruler and Genghis Khan’s grandson, started and ruled Yuan Dynasty in China
Yuan Dynasty
Mongol Dynasty in China, started in 1271 and lasted a bit over a century, Chinese people treated harshly and Mongols didn’t “become Chinese”
Ming Dynasty
1368-1644, native Chinese rule taken over by the Mongols, aimed at recovering from Mongol rule by reverting China back to Confucianism-based society and government
Emperor Yongle
- Ming Dynasty ruler from 1402-1424, sponsored encyclopedia of Confucius/traditional Chinese cultures, built imperial residence in Beijing, made China best governed and prosperous
- returned China to its peak
Hulegu
Genghis Khan’s grandson, first il-Khan (leader) of Persia under Mongol rule, very violent and disruptive
Ghazan
Mongol ruler of Persia, 1295-1304, tried to restore damage on Persia from earlier Mongol rule by rebuilding cities, converting to Islam, etc.
Safavid empire
late 1400s-early 1500s, forcibly imposed Shia Islam and made it part of Persian culture, reunited Persia under Turkic rule
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Russian name for Mongol rule (Kipchak Khanate to Mongols), Mongols indirectly ruled Russia from afar, tributary relationships, Russia took bigger impact and established Moscow as center of Russia and impact of Russian Orthodox church
plague/pestilence/Black Death
bacterial disease that most likely originated in China and spread through Mongol trade routes, 50-90% of world population died, big factor in the end of the Mongol empire
rats/rodents
carried the plague/Black Death, fleas transmitted it to humans
“the Mongols of the Sea”
name given to Europeans, as their early expansion was similar to the Mongols and they took over global power that the Mongols once held
Motives for Europe to colonize Americas
rivalries between European states, merchant class wanted direct access to wealth, anyone could gain wealth and status in the colonies, missionaries wanted to expand Christianity, persecuted minorities wanted better lives
*EU almost had the biggest economical power in world, obtained it thru Americans
*closer to Americas than Asia (direct access)
Hernán Cortés
Spanish conquistador that conquered Mesoamerica (Aztec and Inca empires), got Native American allies to fight in his army (they didn’t like the imperial rule in Mesoamerica)
Great Dying
dramatic population decline of up to 90% of Native Americans because the Europeans came to America and brought diseases with them (Natives hadn’t developed immunity)
Little Ice Age
1200s-1800s, unusually cool temperatures which negatively affected food production and societies worldwide (a suspected cause is the Great Dying)
General Crisis
mid 1600s in the peak impact of the Ice Age, had droughts, floods, famines, wars (Europe, Mughal), empires collapsed (Ming)
Columbian exchange
network of exchange between the Old World (mainly Europe) and the New World (Americas) that spread communication, migration, trade, disease, plants, animals (caused permanently interacting world)
What did Europe bring to Americas (Columbian exchange)?
wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, fruit/veggies, weeds, diet, way of life, multiple diseases, horses, pigs, cattle, sheep
What did Americas bring to Old World (Columbian exchange)?
corn, potatoes, cassava, chocolate, tobacco
mercantilism
economic theory where governments encourage exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals), “mother countries”
economic foundation in Americas (Spanish) and types of labor
commercial agriculture, econcomienda (Native American labor), hacienda (peons worked)
mestizos
mixed race population in Spanish colonies because of union of Spanish men with Native women, blurred racial division between Spanish and Natives and became a social class of Mexican’s modern identity (culturally blended)
sugar
foundation for economies for the colonies in Brazil and Caribbean, gained profit for them and created the first industrial setting (used slaves)
Mulattoes
mixed race in colonial Brazil of Europeans and Africans (most of Brazil’s mixed race population, 40 separate groups), became distinct skilled working group in sugar industry
racism in North and South America
North- more direct and rigid
South- white people viewed better but poc could work out of racism and move up to “white” status thru education and wealth
settler colonies
established, independent European colonies that didn’t have large populations of Natives, Africans, or mixed races (British North America), ran on small independent family farms
Russian Empire
started 1500-1800, lasted until 1991, largest state that expanded through military conquest
yasak
tribute payed to Russian Empire in the form of cash and kind (ex. furs from Siberia), expanded to Siberia with similar circumstances as Americas (ex. disease of Natives), got powerful through wealth (agricultural lands, furs, mineral deposits)
Qing expansion
Chinese project of imperial expansion during Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Qing dynasty got control thru military conquest
Court of Colonial Affairs
Qing Dynasty rule of nomaic areas with a separate rule from the rest of China (ex used Mongol aristocrats, Muslim officials, Buddhist leaders), added regions and minorities to China and ~present-day borders, effect of General Crisis
Mughal Empire
Indian Muslim empire made by Turkic people, 1526-1707, unified India
Akbar
first Mughal ruler, r. 1556-1605, made empire religiously tolerant (accommodated Hindus into empire)
House of Worship
Mughal empire center made by Akbar, held peaceful religious debates that represented the tolerance/blended cultures under his rule
Aurangzeb
Mughal emperor, r. 1658-1707, opposed religious tolerance and encouraged Islamic supremacy, antagonized Hindus (fractured Mughals and made situation for British takeover in 1700s)
devshirme
Ottomans sent 1000s of Young Christian boys in Balkans taken away from families and converted to Islam to serve in their military ranks
