Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations of Clinical Research > Quantitative vs Qualitative > Flashcards

Quantitative vs Qualitative Flashcards

1
Q

Quantitative

A
  • Theory is developed prior to research conduction
  • Hypothesis testing to support theory
  • Data = numbers
  • Can manipulate data to show cause/effect information precisely
  • Focus on controlling extraneous factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Qualitative

A
  • No hypotheses, see what happens
  • Research is exploratory
  • Data = words
  • Deriven from an interview which is analyzed for emotions, expression and perceptions
  • Combination of questionaire or observation with interview
  • Prescence of researcher is manipulation of data; Do not manipulate the data with this type
  • Focus on embracing extraneous factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Quantitative research uses ____ reasoning

A

deductive

hypothesis testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Qualitative research uses ____ reasoning

A

inductive

theory generating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is which method of research, quantitative or qualitative, is the impact of the researcher very important?

A
  • Qualitative!
  • Researcher has direct impacts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In quantitative research we expect the majority of research to represent a ____

A
  • Bell curve
  • May have two subgroups within a bell curve.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Prospective research design

A

Research question developed before data collection
Data collection before development of condition or injury
Only way to determine etiology of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Retrospective Research Design

A
  • Research question developed after data collection
  • Data collection after development of condition or injury
  • Unable to discern etiology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can we compare data points?

A
  • Time series or Discrete
  • Time Series: Changes of one data point of a period of time)
  • Discrete: One data point in one moment of time (single point)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

We can simplify ____ to get ____ but not vice versa

A
  • Time series
  • Discrete
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 Characteristics of Quantitative Research?

A
  1. Manipulation
  2. Randomization: Relevant to both sampling and assignment
  3. Randomization: Random assignment to Tx/Group
  4. Control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Manipulation

A
  • Characteristic of true experimental design; Manipulate controls
  • Impose a set of predetermined experimental conditions; known as independent variables
  • Independent variable is the presumed cause of a given effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The more ____ validity, the less ____ validity

A
  1. internal
  2. external
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Controlling more variables increases ____

A
  • Internal Validty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an independent variable?
What types of independent variables are there?

A
  • Independent variable: What you change that is different from the control.
  • Two Types:
    1. Active variables (Manipulated by the experimenter; You change it as researcher; Assignment to group)
    2. Attribute variables (Naturally occuring groups (not manipulated; Age, gender, time, occupation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A
  • What is measured to determine the effect or outcome
17
Q

Which is the dependent and independent variable?
Blood pressure and Type of Tx

A

Independent: Type of Tx
Dependent: Blood Pressure

18
Q

Multiple IV are called ____

A
  • Factorial designs
  • These factors have levels

Example:
* Resistance Training (IV) Levels: Plyometric, Isometric, Eccentric
* Gender (IV): Males, Females
* Strength: 1 RM (DV)

19
Q

Give an example of a 2 x 2

BFR - Balance and Strength

A

IV: BFR/No BFR, Pre/Post
DV: Nm (force), Sway (AP, ML)

20
Q

Randomization: Sample and Assignment

A
  • Sampling: How you choose your participants from population of interest (influences external validity - can this be generalized to the public?)
  • Assignment: How will groups be split up of Tx vs non Tx (influences internal validity - similar in beginning so IV is more likely to be the cause of the difference in the DV at the end of the study)
21
Q

Randomization: Random Assignment to Tx/Group

A
  • Sample not necessarily randomly selected but randomly assigned
  • Random number generator is a good option to limit bias
  • Randomization of small samples may result in groups differing on important characteristics
  • Groups likely have different size or same measures
22
Q

When you can’t control other factors you may perform ____

A
  • Randomization: matched assignment
  • Paired baseon on some criteria to artifically contol the influence on the DV
  • Common: BMI, age and gender
  • Not a repeated measure design. Harder to find differences. Helpful for information on small groups of people

EX:
* A randomized matched design was used to randomly assign patients to either an eccentric exercise group or a standard rehabilitation group. Participants were matched by graft type, sex, and age.
* Graft type, sex, and age are controlled to be similar/same and then one person is placed in one group (eccentric exercise group) and another is places in a different group (standard rehabilitation group)

23
Q

Control Groups

A
  • Most effective deisng element to eliminate confounding variables
  • Improves internal validity
24
Q

What is the interaction effect?

A

When one group is plotted, and other group is plotted; means one of the factors is going to have a different response to treatment. Dependent variable is interacting as a result of one of our independent variables.

25
Q

The control group gets ____ and the experimental group gets ____

A
  1. Standard Care
  2. Standard Care PLUS…
26
Q

Types of Controls (5)

A
  • Systematic manipulation of the IV (When, where, what type, by whom)
  • Selection and assignment of subjects (inclusion/exclusion criteria)
  • Confounding Variables (Factors other than IV that may effect the DV)
  • Measurement error (Reliable and Valid Measures)
  • Knowledge of the researcher or participant (Masking/Blinding)
27
Q

Give an example of Masking/Blinding

A

Sugar Pill vs Real Med

28
Q

Too much control lead to…

A
  • Results only applying to limited conditions and subjects
  • High Internal Validity, Low External Validity
29
Q

Too little control leads too…

A
  • Increased likelihood that an alternative explanation exists for the observed result
  • High External Validity, Low Internal Validity
30
Q

Types of Research Designs (3)

A
  • Experimental (best for cause/effect; internal validity)
  • Quasi-experimental (lack random assignment or comtrol/comparison group or both)
  • Non-experimental (Data naturally exits; Worst for cause/effect, no random assingment or manipulation, may have a control/comparison group)
31
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of experiemental design?

A
  • Manipulation
  • Control Group
  • Random Assgnment

Best for Cause/Effect!

32
Q

Quasi-experimental Designs

A
  • Randomization is missing
  • Consider affect of unknown group differences on changes in DV after Manipulation (Limits Internal Validity)
33
Q

Quasi-Experimental Design:
Before-After with Multiple Follow-Up Tests

A
  • No control
  • Comprare within an individual
  • Repeated measure of the dependent variable
  • Care about the follow up tests more than pre test
34
Q

Descriptive Designs

A
  • No manipulation of the IV
  • Can’t do cause/effect relationships
  • Observaitonal; No change involved
35
Q

Types of descriptive designs

A
  • Correlational Studies
  • Cross Sectional
  • Survey Research
  • Case Study
  • Methodological Research
36
Q

Epidemiology is a ____ design

A

non-experiemental

37
Q

How is epidemiology analyzed?

A
  • Prevalence
  • Incidence
38
Q

Prevalence

A

% of population with a certain condition at a given point in time

39
Q

Incidence

A

Rate that a new cases are developing during a time period

Foundations of Clinical Research (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions