Quantitative Research - Data Collection & Analysis

Question 1

What is reliability?

Answer 1

Addresses whether repeated assessments would provide consistent results given the same initial circumstances

Question 2

What is the main outcome called?

Answer 2

Primary outcome

Question 3

Validity in a study means:

Answer 3

The measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure

Question 4

List some threats to internal validity

Answer 4

History, maturation, testing, mortality

Question 5

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer 5

A participant’s response to being in a study

Question 6

What is internal validity?

Answer 6

Results being legitimate because of study method:- ‘did independent variable really change the dependent variable?’

Question 7

What is external validity?

Answer 7

Concerns whether the results are transferable to other groups

Question 8

Appropriate study outcomes should be:

Answer 8

Meaningful, measurable and responsive

Question 9

How are selection effects threats to external validity?

Answer 9

Ideal sample population may be unobtainable

Question 10

How are reactive effects threats to external validity?

Answer 10

There may be responses just because participants are in a study (Hawthorne effect)

Question 11

How are measurement effects threats to external validity?

Answer 11

Measurement and testing affect generalisability

Question 12

What are ‘descriptive statistics’?

Answer 12

Data that is displayed & summarised in a way that is easily understood

Question 13

List 3 ways in which numbers can be displayed

Answer 13

Numerical result, Coded category and ordered categories

Question 14

What are the 4 levels of measurement in quantitative research?

Answer 14

Nominal, ordinal, interval & ratio

Question 15

When presenting data, mode can be used in which types of measurement?

Answer 15

Nominal, ordinal, interval & ratio

Question 16

When presenting data, median can be used in which types of measurement?

Answer 16

Ordinal, interval & ratio

Question 17

When presenting data, mean can be used in which types of measurement?

Answer 17

Interval & ratio

Question 18

What is the purpose of statistical analysis?

Answer 18

To draw inferences from the sample

Question 19

What is a P value?

Answer 19

Is the probability of obtaining the study results if the null hypotheses is true. Varies between 0 & 1. Closer to 0, the more likely the null hypotheses will be rejected.

Question 20

If the null hypotheses is rejected but turns out to be true, what sort of error would that be?

Answer 20

Type 1 error, alpha, False positive error

Question 21

If the null hypotheses is accepted but turns out to be false, what sort of error would that be?

Answer 21

Type 2 error, beta, False negative error

Question 22

What is the ‘power’ of a study?

Answer 22

The probability of being able to detect a difference between study groups - usually expressed as a %

Question 23

What is a confidence interval?

Answer 23

A measure of the precision with which the quantity of interest is estimated

Question 24

Statistics that produce p values are called?

Answer 24

Inferential statistics

Question 25

What is baseline data?

Answer 25

the data that is collected before the intervention but after the recruitment

Question 26

Which level of measurement has a fixed zero?

Answer 26

Ratio