Quantitative Methodology

Question 1

3 yardsticks of a good quantitative research

Answer 1

1. validity,
2. reliability and
3. generalizability

Question 2

________ exists when the experimental treatment has a noticeable impact on the dependent variable in the specific experimental instance under consideration, when it can be shown that the independent variable, as manipulated, produced a change in the dependent variable, as measured

Answer 2

Internal validity

Question 3

Threats to internal validity

Answer 3

rival explanations to the effect of the treatment and are concerned with whether the findings are believable or whether there is another way to explain them

Question 4

The seven main threats to internal validity

Answer 4

1. maturation,
2. regression,
3. selection,
4. mortality,
5. instrumentation,
6. testing, and
7. history

Question 5

________exists to the extent that the research findings can be generalized across people, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables

Answer 5

External validity

Question 6

threats to external validity

Answer 6

limiting conditions (whether findings are unique to the conditions of the study or widely applicable_

Question 7

The____________ (i.e., higher than gold) of experimental research is to have high degrees of both internal and external validity so that research results are both truthful and widely usable

Answer 7

true diamond standard

Question 8

____means that the treatment works only under selected conditions of implementation

Answer 8

Limited treatment generalization

Question 9

____ means that the treatment works only under selected conditions of measurement

Answer 9

Limited outcome generalization

Question 10

three elements of quantitative research

Answer 10

1. a research problem,
2. research design and
3. hypothesis

Question 11

a question that asks the relationship between and among variables

Answer 11

A research problem

Question 12

the plan on how the relationship of the variables shall be tested.

Answer 12

research design

Question 13

two major research designs in quantitative research:

Answer 13

1. descriptive and
   □ A descriptive research design collects data from the site without introducing intervention.
2. experimental.
   □ An experimental research design introduces intervention (cause) and measures the effect of such intervention.

Question 14

a statement drawn from a theory on the relationship of the variables to be tested and analyzed statistically

Answer 14

hypothesis

Question 15

Yardstick which refers to the confidence that the instrument used is able to measure what it is supposed to measure

Answer 15

Reliability

Question 16

Yardstick which refers to the confidence in the resulting causal relationship between the two variables (at it corresponds to the real world)

Answer 16

Validity

Question 17

Yardstick which refers to the confidence that what happens in the sample will happen in the population

Answer 17

Generalizability

Question 18

Quantitative methodology follows the________, that is, what is true to the sample (assumed to observe the required normal distribution) should be true to the population.

Answer 18

logic of probability

Question 19

________ is an important measure of a good quantitative research because it increases the confidence that the sample result can be generalized to the population

Answer 19

validity

Question 20

A ________, in ordinary language, is a numerical description of a population, usually based on a sample of that population.

Answer 20

statistic

Question 21

Statistics used to describe the distribution of and relationship among variables.

Answer 21

descriptive statistics

Question 22

Statistics used to **estimate the degree of confidence **that can be placed in generalizations from a sample to the larger population from which the sample was selected

Answer 22

inferential statistics

Question 23

hypothesis that there is no relationship in the population,

Answer 23

null hypothesis,

Question 24

hypothesis that suggests that there is a relationship

Answer 24

research hypothesis

Question 25

sampling error **decreases** as sample size _________

Answer 25

increases

Question 26

several of the most **commonly used test** to test hypothesis

Answer 26

chi-square test, the t test (briefly described below), and the analysis of variance, typically abbreviated as ANOVA.

Question 27

general procedure for **isolating the sources of variability** in a set of measurements to determine the extent to which the effect of an independent variable is a major component.

Answer 27

Analysis of variance