Quantitative Methodology Flashcards
3 yardsticks of a good quantitative research
- validity,
- reliability and
- generalizability
________ exists when the experimental treatment has a noticeable impact on the dependent variable in the specific experimental instance under consideration, when it can be shown that the independent variable, as manipulated, produced a change in the dependent variable, as measured
Internal validity
Threats to internal validity
rival explanations to the effect of the treatment and are concerned with whether the findings are believable or whether there is another way to explain them
The seven main threats to internal validity
- maturation,
- regression,
- selection,
- mortality,
- instrumentation,
- testing, and
- history
________exists to the extent that the research findings can be generalized across people, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables
External validity
threats to external validity
limiting conditions (whether findings are unique to the conditions of the study or widely applicable_
The____________ (i.e., higher than gold) of experimental research is to have high degrees of both internal and external validity so that research results are both truthful and widely usable
true diamond standard
____means that the treatment works only under selected conditions of implementation
Limited treatment generalization
____ means that the treatment works only under selected conditions of measurement
Limited outcome generalization
three elements of quantitative research
- a research problem,
- research design and
- hypothesis
a question that asks the relationship between and among variables
A research problem
the plan on how the relationship of the variables shall be tested.
research design
two major research designs in quantitative research:
-
descriptive and
□ A descriptive research design collects data from the site without introducing intervention. -
experimental.
□ An experimental research design introduces intervention (cause) and measures the effect of such intervention.
a statement drawn from a theory on the relationship of the variables to be tested and analyzed statistically
hypothesis
Yardstick which refers to the confidence that the instrument used is able to measure what it is supposed to measure
Reliability
Yardstick which refers to the confidence in the resulting causal relationship between the two variables (at it corresponds to the real world)
Validity
Yardstick which refers to the confidence that what happens in the sample will happen in the population
Generalizability
Quantitative methodology follows the________, that is, what is true to the sample (assumed to observe the required normal distribution) should be true to the population.
logic of probability
________ is an important measure of a good quantitative research because it increases the confidence that the sample result can be generalized to the population
validity
A ________, in ordinary language, is a numerical description of a population, usually based on a sample of that population.
statistic
Statistics used to describe the distribution of and relationship among variables.
descriptive statistics
Statistics used to **estimate the degree of confidence **that can be placed in generalizations from a sample to the larger population from which the sample was selected
inferential statistics
hypothesis that there is no relationship in the population,
null hypothesis,
hypothesis that suggests that there is a relationship
research hypothesis
sampling error decreases as sample size _________
increases
several of the most commonly used test to test hypothesis
chi-square test, the t test (briefly described below), and the analysis of variance, typically abbreviated as ANOVA.
general procedure for isolating the sources of variability in a set of measurements to determine the extent to which the effect of an independent variable is a major component.
Analysis of variance
