Quality Management Flashcards
What does quality mean
meet specs & cust needs
What does quality assurance mean
Quality assurance means the mech and metrics used to ensure that standards are schmurda-ed (maintained)
what is project quality
is the vibe hit
mccalls quality model 1977
- product revision
maintainability, flexibility, testability - product transition
portability, reusability, interoperability - ops
correctness reliability, efficiency integrity, usability
What is one overview of software quality management
- quality culture, everyone cares
- s&p
- reach qualityin prod
What are 3 importances of standards
learn from past
framework
continuity
What is the great, the only, the ISO 9000
int. s&p for quality
What is the process based quality assurances
define process
LOOP
dev product
assess quality
if good then standardise
else continue
What is the model of the process based Quality Management System
keep improving quality, keep getting feedback from customers
What is quality control
check dev process for quality s&p. done by devs
What are the two approaches to quality control
reviews
automated stuff
Describe quality assurance
checks to make sure that quality control is done (like a manager double checking the devs)
also -> continuous quality improvement
Describe benchmarking
benchmark quality by comparing to other products/projects/ext.orgs
What are Software Metrics
LOC, fog index
What are Metrics Assumptions
► A software property can be measured.
► The relationship exists between what we can measure and what we want to
know.
We can only measure internal attributes but are often more interested in
external software attributes.
► A quality metric should be a predictor of product quality.
Quality assessment includes:
► Product assessment – output of processes
► Process assessment – tasks, activities and procedures that produce products
it’s a double check, I think
Quality assessment process:
► Define mechanism (e.g. review every month)
► Define metrics (measurement)
► Collect data
► Analyze data
► Measure time, cost, quality, output
Quality Planning
A quality plan defines:
desired prod quality
how these are assessed
significant quality attrs
defines quality assessement (so its grandaddy)
► Product assessment
► Process assessment
► What org standards
Defining the quality of a product includes:
► Define quality criteria
► Define quality assessment process
► Review the quality of the product
► Improve product and processess
The main outputs of quality control are:
Accepted decisions
Rework
Process adjustments
What are the basic tools of quality that help in performing quality control
Cause-and-Effect Diagrams
Quality Control Charts
The Seven Run Rule
Checksheet
Scatter Diagram
Histograms
Pareto Charts
Flowcharts
Run Charts
Statistical Sampling
Six Sigma
DMAIC
just say like 3 of these bruh
Note that the rest of them, just skim through
DMAIC
DMAIC is a systematic, closed-loop process for continued
improvement that is scientific and fact based
DMAIC stands for:
Define: Define the problem/opportunity, process, and customer requirements
Measure: Define measures, then collect, compile, and display data
Analyze: Scrutinize process details to find improvement opportunities
Improve: Generate solutions and ideas for improving the problem
Control: Track and verify the stability of the improvements and the predictability of the solution
Six Sigma
Six Sigma is “a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success. Six Sigma is uniquely
driven by close understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data, and statistical analysis, and diligent attention to
managing, improving, and reinventing business processes”*
The target for perfection is the achievement of no more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities
The principles can apply to a wide variety of processes
Six Sigma projects normally follow a five-phase
improvement process called DMAIC
Statistical Sampling
Statistical sampling involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection
The size of a sample depends on how representative you want the sample to be
Run Charts
in addition to flowcharts, run charts are also used for stratification, a technique that shows data from a variety of sources to see if a pattern
emerges.
A run chart displays the history and pattern of variation of a process over time.
You can use run charts to perform trend analysis and forecast future outcomes based on historical results
see image
Flowcharts
Flowcharts are graphic displays of the logic and flow of processes
that help you analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved
They show activities, decision points, and the order of how information is processed
see images
Pareto Charts
A Pareto chart is a histogram that can help you identify and
prioritize problem areas
Pareto analysis is also called the 80-20 rule, meaning that 80
percent of problems are often due to 20 percent of the causes
see images
Histograms
Each bar represents an attribute or characteristic of a
problem or situation, and the height of the bar represents
its frequency
see images
Checksheet
A checksheet is used to collect and analyze data
It is sometimes called a tally sheet or checklist, depending on its format
In the example in Figure, most complaints arrive via text message, and there are more complaints on Monday and Tuesday than on other days of the week
This information might be useful in improving the process for handling complaints
Yeah just see the image
The Seven Run Rule
You can use quality control charts and the seven run rule to look for patterns in data
The seven run rule states that if seven data points in a row are all below the mean, above the mean, or are allincreasing or decreasing, then the process need s to be examined for non-random problems
see images
quality Control Charts
A control chart is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time
The main use of control charts is to prevent defects, rather than to detect or reject them
Quality control charts allow you to determine whether a process is in control or out of control
- When a process is in control, any variations in the results of the process are created by random events; processes that are in control do not need to be adjusted
- When a process is out of control, variations in the results of the process are caused by non-random events; you need to identify
the causes of those non-random events and adjust the process to correct or eliminate them
Cause-and-Effect Diagrams
Cause-and-effect diagrams trace complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations
They help you find the root cause of a problem
Also known as fishbone or Ishikawa diagrams
See images
The Cost of Quality
The cost of quality is the cost of conformance plus the cost of nonconformance
Conformance means delivering products that meet requirements and fitness for use
Cost of nonconformance means taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations
A study reported that software bugs cost the U.S. economy $59.6 billion each year and that one third of the bugs could be eliminated by an
improved testing infrastructure
Five Cost Categories Related to Quality
Prevention cost: Cost of planning and executing a project so it is error-free or within an acceptable error range
Appraisal cost: Cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure quality
Internal failure cost: Cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product
External failure cost: Cost that relates to all errors not detected and corrected before delivery to the customer
Measurement and test equipment costs: Capital cost of equipment used to
perform prevention and appraisal activities
