Quality Flashcards
Many factors can affect flowering and fruit set. Examine what effect these might have on quality and yield.
Yellow!
Previous year conditions- Hail-frost might have damaged buds and affect flowering and fruit set lowering yields.
**Ej Frost
ej hail - mendoza
**
Optimum tempertature and weather consitions
what are exactly the right temps?
too Early - Warm years- longer cycle
or Late- ripening on cold climate- heavy rains
Sun exposure-Canopy management-
aireation
balance
shading
Deleafing
lack of vigour- slow metabolism (lack of Mo)
vigour excess and shading-
lacking example
Water avaiability
How would drought affect flowering and berry set?
Varietal: prone to Colure millerandage- Grenache, merlot, Malbec
Malbec- wind zonza
Grenache- SA- wind- head training Nadia at Waterkloof.
Yellow- lack the knowledge or specific examples.
Examine the role of water management during the growing season in the production of quality wine around the world.
Define quality: balanced sugars/potential alcohol, acidity and phenolic ripeness, toegther with concentrated flavours and aroma. Healthy lack of disseases or spoilage.
Vine needs 600ml/year minimum of water.
Can be messured by organoleptic assesment or maturity checks pre ferm.
- From begining fo spring out of dormancy and up to Bud break- water is key for nutrients transportation, enzymes, and activate the vine metabolism.
- Canopy growth is key for foliar surface that impacts photosynthesis, shading, respiration and evapotranspiration and is regulated by water and N aviability.
Cause and effect of a poor canopy
Cause and effect of an excess of water/ and canopy
Ensure flowering and fruit set temp and humidity.
3.During summer in drought prone regions is key to avoid water evaporation. Dry farming. Napa bonterra. Cover crops and mulching.
technology galet to minimize water use.
Drip doses.
Tablas Creek in Paso Robles, transitioned from irrigated to dry farming over the last two decades, and implemented several changes to improve the soil water-holding capacity->Biodynamic and Regenerative Organic farming, a flock of sheep and a rotational grazing plan, the application of biochar, cover cropping, and using a keyline plow to encourage water absorption.
Andrea Leonardi =400E for fertilization/ha/yr
Also mats.
4.Key is water excess pre harvest to avoid dilution in high quality grapes.
Often in crops aimed to high volume water can be added to achieve balance and sugars. Regulated? where?
Madeira Chris Blandy key to pick before rain arrives
Excessive rains would lead to Disseases
lack of water/ regions with no permit to irrigate like Penedes. Freixenet lowert yielding 25% and ask the consejo regulador to change.
Does soil preparation affect the potential yield and quality in a vineyard?
yes it is key to manage.
soil preparation: ensure root development though proper soil structure, nutrient aviability and balanced soil healt (microbial and chemically balanced)
- additions to soil (e.g. lime or nitrogen);
balanced pH and Nitrogeen will impact on vigour and overall plant balance- ripeness and sun exposure - fertilisation- foliar or fertigation- cost?
- cultivation (tilling) vs. none: tractor vs horse/cow impact soil structure and roots health. This leads to balanced metabolism, nutrient access and water aviability. Water holding capacity vs water aviability- Danbury Ridge MW.
Soil airiation and roots growth
Structure - cover crops also support
Mix and complex- nutrients and evaporation- vinehealth and balance promoting - chemical sprays etc; Biodynamic/organic/chemical and weeding.
- To what extent can wineries control the quality of the grapes they purchase?
intuitively red- could be a yellow with more time.
To some extent- the more communication, the most aligned expectations with reality.
problem: buying grapes gives viticuturist more control, yet is the only choice for medium to large scale or places where you can buy new vienyards (like Sancerre).
Possible risks
Lack of skilled prunning - Simmonit training.- yield control.
Health of the vine and balance/ Canopy management - Miri has to be on them. Pest and dissease management. When to spray Cicavic weekly newsletter with program of actions.
Fertilizations and amendments.
1. some places there is no option-
Madeira: model example- Blandy’s houndreds of suppliers.
Challenges and limitations- moderate control- viti director has to be :”on them:”
Benefits- climatic risks on the producer, diversity, rich heritage.
Key- contracts
- Large wineries in other regions rely on long term relationships and a solid viti team to manage purchased grape quality.
Muga **400 ha owned, 150 rented **- 2 million bottles
key team to control- Consistency in quality.
pay 10-20% higher prices than the market, too much competition
Focus on quality, green harvest,
know the viticulturist
payment: 14 euros/hour vs 7 average in Rioja
in contrast: Fernando Valenti - Melida Wines in Ribera, has a small production and small structure. Time demand and not always possible. higher P&D risk during the season
However,
Low control on pricing offer/demand- who is buying vineyards?? Trinchero Family Estates. Centralize viti derparment.
Mendoza
Marcelo Belmonte Penaflor
owns 30%- 70% (entry level wine- moslty) manage for high wuality
20 people on his team.
Harvest method- Cuadrillas/Teams
Counter example- Finca Ambrosia
Tank space management, small team full ownership of vineyard management
Arrival-signs with QCP
As a vineyard manager, evaluate the key factors required to produce a wine of outstanding quality.
Vine: rootstock, scion, resistance to heat/cold/disease, capacity to produce outstanding quality, ability to ripen within the season were all being sought.
- Soil/Geology: nature of soil regarding nutrition, water, aspect, suitability to varietal.
- Climate: temperate or extreme, rainfall, seasonal consistency.
- Vineyard management: training, leaf/fruit exposure, yield controls such as green harvesting, leaf plucking, bud removal; treatments, timing of harvest.
- What effect do vineyard pest have on grape quality and how do wine growers control them?
- large animals- permanent damage - fences and shootters
- insects affect plant at different digrees
- Vectors Leafhoppers (flavessance dooree)- Millibugs (leafroll)
Christophe chauvot A. Bichot- prefers feromone traps vs insecticides -Pyrethyne -kills all insects (but are mandatory)
- lowers vigour/yield- kilss
Nematodes: =20%-60% reduction in yield, Common in sandy soils - Riverland Au
Managed through pre-planting evaluations heat treatments, Ramsey rootstock, soil fumigation, and natural bacteria.
-Lobesia Botrana lowers colour and sugar
- galet pheromone traps
_Phyloxera lower colour and sugar- kills SO4 Humberto Jardim H&H
- small birds and roedents
open wounds to fungal infections
dicrease yield
-nets- shoots sound- fences- Integrated pest managament
Asses the role of sunlight in determing grape quality
Quality= balance and harmony, ripeness.
Key for Growing cycle
Bud burst >10C
Polinizartion doesn’t ocurr<15C,
Flowering needs >20C.
Balance green/fruit -Canopy management for sun exposure
it’s most relevant during maturity - from veraisson onwards
- Phenolic Ripeness
Colour
Tannins
Burnt ej Tylors sunscreeen very hot vs cool climate Danbury Ridge
Ripening: Optimum: 15 °C - 21 °C
2.Photosynthesis
increases sugars- alcohol
New zealand picking dates
Latitude- NZ UV
3.Lowers acid- too rapid maturity = loss of malic- low PH
Malic
Tartaric
Rioja
- Flavors in skin
Aromatic precursors
terpenes and thiols
Altitude- Gualtallary- floral-
Does soil preparation affect the potential yield and quality in a vineyard?
yes it is key to manage.
soil preparation: ensure root development though proper soil structure, nutrient aviability and balanced soil healt (microbial and chemically balanced)
- additions to soil (e.g. lime or nitrogen);
balanced pH and Nitrogeen will impact on vigour and overall plant balance- ripeness and sun exposure - fertilisation- foliar or fertigation- cost?
- cultivation (tilling) vs. none: tractor vs horse/cow impact soil structure and roots health. This leads to balanced metabolism, nutrient access and water aviability. Water holding capacity vs water aviability- Danbury Ridge MW.
Soil airiation and roots growth
Structure - cover crops also support
Mix and complex- nutrients and evaporation- vinehealth and balance promoting - chemical sprays etc; Biodynamic/organic/chemical and weeding.
Many wine regions can produce wine at a wide range of price points. Referencing at least 2, compare and contrast methods of managing vineyards for high prices wines and low priced wines.
Red/yellow
1.2.Yield management
prunning green
prunning winter
Muga- different ranges.
2.soil management can be done differently at diverse price points.
Effective, large - weed management with chemical herbicides.
Andrea Leonardi
Fertigation 500 Eu/ha
Expensive- manual or regenerative comprehensive soil management- Ridge CA-
3.canopy management
prunning and yield
Penaflor - El Esteco = 7 times vs volume wines from Famatina Valley- buy from third party.
4.p&D
preventive - systemic
lacking example would name it in the previour para
5.harvest
manual vs mechanical
CA: Mechanization(0,06-0,15$/bt) vs manual and selection =1 usd or more.
Trinchero
Florencia Massachessi- Porter wines
- Your company has aquired a vineyard which has been producing grapes for bulk wine. How would you convert the vineyard to high quality wine production?
yellow
Frame: there is an uprising trend on reviving old vineyards for quality purposes. Ex Bulk: País, Criolla Chica, and Misíon Listan. Valle de Calingasta San Juan (Cara Sur), El Esteco, Mission Onda Brava grape in California and criolla Chica (Leo Erazo), Elqui Valley in Chile (pisco). Mexico (bichi) Louyt
To define the steps to convert, a thorough assessment of the initial status of the vineyard is key
- From high yielding to low yielding by changing prunning charge.
Bulk normal yields 200 qq/ha
Quality normally <50 qq/ha
Pergola El Esteco, Francisco Telechea 1942 Criolla planted for volume didnt change the system.
Andrea Leonardi within climate change pergola is a key system
Who did?
Prunning and training system
Willy Perez-owner of bodegas Bodegas Luis Perez -Palomino California clone planted In the 1970s yields were 5 tons per hectare and then they grew to 15 tons/hectare in just three years.’Luis Perez’ plot in Carrascal consists of 30 hectares of 50 year old vines. ‘It is hard to find a large, old vineyard in Jerez,’ says
. ‘We were looking to lower low yields to recover the process of the old sherries, giving 3-4 tons/hectare. We are trying to recover the sherries of the 19th Century and it is important to have low yields to give concentrated sherries.
Sustainability (economical) replant missing vines.
- From mechanized to hand -
- canopy management
- harvest for selection- Mechanization(0,06-0,15$/bt) vs manual and selection =1 usd
- avoid compactation
Similarly Pancho Bugallo in San Juan abandoned Criolla grapes
Canopy/Vigour management
minimize fertilizer, lower irrigation, fruit thinning, shoot thinning - Soil restoration-
Integral management- dry farming- Example Cali. - Organic conversion- weed management- no chemicals- 20% less crop
systemic(effective) vs preventive (canopy mgmt and softer alternatives applied on canopy). Soil management (cover crops, mulching)
- Are yield restrictions neccesary to produce high quality wine?
red intuitively
definition of high quality wines and restricted yield
canopy type and its management,
irrigation (timing, method, legality),
crop reduction pre harvest,
vineyard health and maintenance.
- Discuss the role of the following factors for producing high quality grapes
Aspect
Vine densisty
Row orientation
How does soil affect the grape quality.
