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Research And Statistics > Qualitative Reserach > Flashcards

Qualitative Reserach Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of qualitative researches?

A
  • Ethnography
  • Grounded theory
  • Phenomenology
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2
Q

What are the types of data collection methods in qualitative research?

A
  • structured interview
  • semi-structured interview
  • unstructured interview
  • focus group interview
  • focus group discussion
  • by post
  • by mail
  • online
  • diary log
  • observation
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3
Q

What is a structured interview ?

A

Also called researcher administered survey
- there is a schedule
- can contain open or closed ended questions
- researcher asks questions in a pre-determined order
- researcher doesn’t allow participants to deviate
- researcher will not probe for details or clarification on the responses
- therefore it can be put into a questionnaire and sent to participants
- can be lead face to face, over telephone, through video conferencing
- using audio, camera recording and, or, written notes

Definition : questions posed to research subjects are predetermined by researchers (interview schedule). Researcher is strict on the content of the interview and will not allow diversion/ digression to other topics.

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4
Q

What is a semi-structured interview?

A
  • Schedule
  • may contain open or closed ended questions
  • Researcher allows the participants to deviate
  • Researcher may prompt participants for details on responses
  • can be done face to face, over the phone, through video conferencing
  • using audio, video recording and, or, written notes

Definition: is similar to structured interview in that there is a predetermined set of questions, but the researcher will allow the research subject to bring in other ideas, thoughts and concepts into the interview.

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5
Q

What is an unstructured interview ?

A

Also called guided conversation
- no schedule
- participant is told the topic
- researcher guides the participants to talk about their experience
- researcher may prompt participants for details and clarifications
- can be done face to face, over the phone, through video conferencing
- using audio, video recording and, or, written notes

Definition: questions posed to research subjects are not predetermined by researcher. The research subject is made aware of the goal of the study and they are facilitated to discuss as relevant.

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6
Q

What is a focus group ?

A

Group of people discussing a specified subject, while the researcher records the activity of the group using a combination of formats, such as audio recording and written notes, or video recording and written notes). The researcher guides the group.

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7
Q

What is a focus group discussion ?

A
  • Similar to unstructured interview
  • no schedule
  • the researcher acts as moderator

Definition : there is no interviewer, and the researcher does not take a prominent role in the discussion. The role of the researcher is to moderate the discussion by first explaining the topic and the group rules. The researcher then withdraws to the background and allow the group to discuss the topic. At any moment during the discussion, the moderator can interject into the group discussion in order to keep the group on task (within the topic) and within the bounds of the ground rules.

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8
Q

What is a focus group interview ?

A
  • similar to semi-structured interview
  • schedule
  • but participants can deviate
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9
Q

What is observation useful for ?

A

Useful to observe children, unconscious patients or patients with neuro cognitive disorders or not able to communicate verbally, or to describe experiences of a group of people.

It can be used to determine roles in action when the research subjects are not able to articulate their roles adequately. Also used in populations that may otherwise be excluded from research.

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10
Q

What is a vignette ?

A

An hypothetical scenario, depicted in text, picture, stage acting or film to which a research subject is facilitated to respond to and their response will constitute qualitative data.

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11
Q

What is the diamond ranking exercise ?

A

The researcher presents a set of pictures, words or text to the participant. The participant is then asked to rank them in order of a specified criteria, the most common being the order of importance to the participant. It is used as a basis for the interview. It can also be used in focus groups.

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12
Q

What is an interview schedule ?

A

It is a list of questions prepared by the researcher before the interview to be asked in a specific order during the interview. It is used in both structured and semi-structured interview and not in unstructured interview.

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13
Q

What are the advantages of the structured interview ?

A
  • very quick to administer
  • allows to collect data for a large sample in short time
  • less manpower cost
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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of the structured interview ?

A
  • Low credibility : less internal validity
  • may lack detail
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15
Q

What are the advantages of the unstructured interview ?

A
  • flexible
  • generates detailed qualitative data
  • higher credibility (higher internal validity)
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of the unstructured interview ?

A
  • time consuming
  • high manpower cost
  • interviewer training required
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17
Q

Define meta data logging

A

Meta-data logging is a research administrative task to keep track of research activities.
It also helps to preserve confidentiality of participants.

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18
Q

What is meta data used for ?

A

It is data about data. The researcher keeps track of research activity and research information using meta data. The researcher maintains the anonymity or confidentiality of participants by using meta data.

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19
Q

What contains meta data ?

A

ON DATA:
- title of project (Research)
- place and date of data collection
- name(s) of data collector(s)
- methfdata collection (interview/ focus group, etc.)
- format of data collection (audio, video, notes, etc.)
- type of recording device

ON PARTICIPANTS:
- pseudonyms of research participants linked to their actual names
- contact details of participants
- biodata of participants

ON RESEARCH PROCESS:
- stage of analysis
- reflective practice logs linked to process

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20
Q

Where is meta data stored ?

A

On a separate physical or digital location from data

21
Q

What are the different formats of qualitative data collection ?

A
  • audio file
  • video file
  • written notes
22
Q

Can written notes alone constitute qualitative data ?

A

No written notes alone are not enough to capture all potential data. This is why written notes are usually combined with audio/ video file.

23
Q

What is the next step after collecting audio/ video data ?

A

Transcription

24
Q

Do written notes need transcription ?

A

No

25
Q

What is verbatim transcription ?

A

The transcriber must write down all sounds made by research’s participants. Non verbal communication such as tone of voice, speed of speech, hand gestures and facial expressions may be included in the transcript but this will add significant volume to transcript. Therefore, written may help to clarify nonverbal communication when triangulated with the transcript. The transcriber must be familiar with the subject of the study otherwise, they will need an intro to subject but the researcher.

26
Q

What is a transcript ?

A

It is the product of transcription and the researcher must read the transcript multiple times before coding.

27
Q

What is coding ?

A

Process of labeling sentences, phrases or paragraphs within the transcript, based on a number of criteria, on relevance, importance in the narrative. These criteria are the reasons for choosing a code or deciding on what to code. Therefore the outcome of this activity are codes.

28
Q

What is a code ?

A

A short phrase to label a sentence or paragraph in the transcript. Maximum 5 words.
There is no rigid way to do qualitative data quoting. A code is a word or a short phrase used to represent a concept/ idea within a transcript and the concept/ idea must be relevant to the goal of the research.

The code describes a phenomenon seen in the transcript. It may be an action, a process, an opinion or any type of phenomenon. The code is the smallest unit of text that represents the text data or means the same as the data.

29
Q

What becomes similar codes ?

A

They can be gathered together to become categories or themes.

30
Q

What is the final part of data processing ?

A

Identification of the relationship or how themes are connected in the narrative. The relationship between themes will form the main results of the research.

31
Q

What factor can improve the qualitative data processing ?

A

Multiple coders
Multidisciplinary team of coders

32
Q

How to decide on what to code ?

A

Code any word or statement that catches your attention, or that is repeated in text or that you recall seeing in a published article or relevant to the aim of the research study or that appear to be important to the participant.

  • it caught your attention
  • you’ve seen it in a published journal article before
  • it occurred frequently ink the transcript
  • it is relevant and important to the research question
  • it appears relevant and important to the participant
33
Q

What are the two coding strategies ?

A
  • deductive coding
  • inductive coding
34
Q

What is deductive coding ?

A

Codes exist before data
Code book is developed before data collection based on current literature
Content of code book does not change during the coding process

35
Q

What is a code book ?

A

Also called coding scheme is a list of codes or a coding strategy developed by the researcher before, during or after data collection. The code book may be based on what is already known about the research topic and the researcher can anticipate the possible content of data.

36
Q

What is inductive coding ?

A

Data exists before codes
When there is little or no knowledge about research topic
Codes are developed after data collection, from the data during the coding process
All the codes developed during the coding constitue the food book
Codes may change during the coding process

37
Q

What is the main data in qualitative research ?

A

The transcript

38
Q

What is a theme ?

A

A pattern of little codes that represent something important/ interesting within the transcript. It is used to organize the codes into meaningful categories

39
Q

What is the result of qualitative data processing ?

A

Finding the relationship between themes and the researcher’s interpretation of the relationship becomes the main research results.

40
Q

What is iteration ?

A

In inductive coding only.
Successive coding to generate new, more accurate codes. The same data being coded multiple times. Codes will keep developing as the analysis progresses.

41
Q

What is reflection in the qualitative data processing ?

A

Researcher should keep a log of their procedures, accounting for the thoughts and feelings associated with the data analysis.

42
Q

what is triangulation in qualitative data processing ?

A

Researcher should keep linking raw data with codes and the documentation of reflection throughout the process. Triangulation is even better in the presence of multiple coders or multidisciplinary group of coders.

43
Q

What is data saturation ?

A

For some researchers it is a measure of trustworthiness (rigor) but as it is difficult to accurately pinpoint the moment of data saturation in most qualitative research, this makes it difficult to use data saturation to judge how trustworthy an article is.

It is a way to determine the completeness of info extraction from qualitative data and that the info extracted is of sufficient quality to answer the research question.

Data saturation is more the transparency in the reporting of qualitative research and how the researchers conceptualise data saturation in the context of their particular research.

44
Q

When is data saturation reached in general ?

A

When no new codes or themes can be observed in the transcript. At this point the researcher should stop the data analysis but the point of saturation and the action to undertake depends on the research’s procedure and approach.

45
Q

What is the point of saturation in iterative coding, what action should be undertaken ?

A
  • no new codes are generated by coding action
  • stop coding
46
Q

What is the point of saturation in iterative data collection ? What action should be undertaken ?

A
  • no new info is found in the new set of data
  • stop data collection
47
Q

What is the saturation point in theoretical sampling ? What action should be undertaken ?

A

Theoretical sampling is only applicable in grounded theory research
- when all elements of the theory are represented in the data already collected
1)don’t select another set of participants
2)stop data collection

48
Q

By which method are participants to qualitative research selected ?

A

Purposive sampling

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