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Research And Statistics > Qualitative Data Analysis > Flashcards

Qualitative Data Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of ethnography ?

A

To describe the lived experience of participants. Ethnography explores and documents a wholistic view of the researcher participants’ feelings, experiences and actions. This is done without preconceptions or hypothesis. It is necessary to combine other information sources such as official documents and reports in the data analysis.

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2
Q

What is the goal of grounded theory ?

A

To formulate a theory about a phenomenon or to formulate a theory in order to explain a phenomenon. It may use theoretical sampling combined with purposive sampling.

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3
Q

What is the goal of phenomenology ?

A

Also called interpretive phenomenology.
To determine how people with a certain experience coped with or made sense of their experience.
It seeks to make meanings out of the experience of the participants.

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4
Q

How is ethnography lead ?

A

It explores and describe the lived experiences of a specific ethnics, cultures.
Multiple methods of data collection are possible : interviews, questionnaires, observation, focus groups.
Data is collected in participant’s natural environment.
Researcher’s interpretation needs confirmation of participants.

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5
Q

How is grounded theory approach led ?

A

Identify and formulate theory about a phenomenon
Use of theoretical sampling
Multiple methods of data collection : interviews, questionnaires, observation, focus groups
Participant recruitment is typically iterative
Data collection is typically iterative
Data analysis is typically iterative
Proposes a theory based on the relationships between concepts identified in the data analysis

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6
Q

How is phenomenology lead ?

A

To understand how a group of people make sense of/ dealt with/ cope with a common experience.
Multiple methods of data collection : interviews, questionnaires, observation, focus groups.
Focus on the experience of participants and researcher’s interpretation of the meaning of the experiences

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7
Q

What is content analysis ?

A

All qualitative data are analysed by content analysis
Thematic analysis involves also content analysis
It explores the use of words in text and the contexts of words usage.
How the participants used words in the transcript.
It is applicable to all approaches to qualitative research.
Detection of relevant ideas and themes within the transcript

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8
Q

What are the different types of content analysis ?

A
  • conventional content analysis
  • direct content analysis
  • summative content analysis
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9
Q

What is conventional content analysis ?

A

Context : limited info on the phenomenon of interest
Goal : to describe the phenomenon
No preset theory for data analysis : coding scheme (code book) is developed from the data (inductive coding)
Can be used to analyse secondary data

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10
Q

What is direct content analysis ?

A

Context : some knowledge/ theory exists about the phenomenon of interest
Goal : to validate or extend existant knowledge/ theory
Analysis begins with a predetermined coding scheme developed based on existing theoretical framework (Deductive coding)
Only applicable when there is some knowledge available used to create a code book before data collection
Can be used to analyse secondary data

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11
Q

What is summative content analysis ?

A

Context : qualitative analysis of published manuscript or other content - the data is a published article or book or a collection of these on a phenomenon, it can also analyse social media (secondary qualitative data)
Goal : quantify the frequency of words and phrases used in the data
Goal : identify underlying meanings of concepts/words/phrases in data
NO CODING
Used for primary and secondary sources of qualitative data

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12
Q

What is the other name of deductive coding ?

A

Concept driven coding as it is based on a known or predefined concept/ theoretical framework

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13
Q

What is thematic analysis ?

A

Used to identify and describe patterns within qualitative data
Requires coding at the initial phase of data analysis
All qualitative data (except in summative content analysis) are analysed by thematic analysis
Variations in the application of thematic analysis depends on the research approach

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14
Q

What are the two types of qualitative data analysis ?

A

Thematic : requires coding
Non thematic : no coding

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15
Q

What are the 6 phases of thematic analysis ?

A

Relate to inductive coding (when codes are developed during data analysis process
1-familiarize yourself with the data
2- generating initial codes
3- searching for themes
4- Reviewing themes to generate a thematic map of the analysis
5- Defining and naming themes
6- Producing the report

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16
Q

What are the measures of Rigour (criteria of trustoworthiness) in qualitative research ?

A

Adherence or compliance to the rules and principles of qualitative research methods
It is a way of insuring qualitative control
The four components of trustworthiness are :
- credibility
- transferability
- dependability
- confirmability

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17
Q

What is the quantitative research equivalent for credibility ?

A

Internal validity

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18
Q

What is the quantitative research equivalent of transferability ?

A

External validity

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19
Q

What is the quantitative research equivalent of dependability ?

A

Reliability

20
Q

What is the quantitative research equivalent of confirmability ?

A

Objectivity

21
Q

What is rigor in qualitative research ?

A

It is how trustworthy the research method and research results are

22
Q

What is credibility ?

A

Do the result align with reality ?
Using the right data collection method with the right sample of the right population and making conclusions supported by the data

23
Q

What is internal validity ?

A

Is the similarity of the research context to reality in quantitative research

24
Q

What is transferability ?

A

Are results applicable to other similar populations and situations ?
That the outcome of the study is applicable to a similar population and a similar context.

25
Q

What is external validity ?

A

The extend to which a research result can be applied to other similar situations

26
Q

What is dependability ?

A

How detailed is the research report ? Will another researcher obtain similar results by following this detailed research report ?

27
Q

What is reliability ?

A

The extend to which a research procedure is repeatable by other researchers and whether or not the other researchers repeating the procedures will achieve similar results

28
Q

What is confirmability ?

A

How neutral, unbiased is the researcher ?

29
Q

What is objectivity ?

A

It relates to how neutral the researcher was in the conduct of their study.
This is the degree to which bias is accounted for

30
Q

How to ensure rigour in your qualitative study

A

By insuring
- credibility
- transferability
- dependability
- confirmability

31
Q

Why is participant’s verification important ?

A

It ensures that the researcher didn’t misinterpret the data but it doesn’t prevent other types of methodological errors

32
Q

How to ensure credibility ?

A
  • participant’s verification
  • peer debriefing
  • triangulation
  • use precedence
  • prolonged interaction with participants/ context
  • prolonged interaction with data
33
Q

What is peer debriefing ?

A

A discussion between two or more researchers undertaking study. They discuss the processes and outcomes of their research activities in relation to their thoughts and rationale for their actions. This is a type of group reflective practice.

34
Q

What is precedence ?

A

Refers to what other researchers in a similar study have done in the past.
This means to use relevant references to support arguments and rationale for actions taken during your research

35
Q

What implies testing the audit trail ?

A

Requires an independent researcher that is not part of the original research outcome and who verifies that the researchers are actually in possession of data to support their conclusions.

36
Q

What is reflective practice ?

A

Is initially done by keeping a reflective log of thoughts, feelings, assumptions and rationale behind every action undertaken in the research. These can be put in the research report. It demonstrates the neutrality of the researcher.

37
Q

What is participant’s verification ?

A

Researcher take their interpretation of responses back to the participants to verify the extend to which the researcher’s interpretation agrees with what the participants actually intended to communicate. It significantly reduces the possibility of misinterpreting the data.

38
Q

How to reduce researcher’s bias in the report ?

A

The researcher must articulate their experiences or viewpoints in relation to the subject of the study at the beginning of the research report. This is the easiest way to demonstrate transparency to the audience that will read the research article.

Researcher can inscribe how they verified the interpretation of data with the participants

Add theses thoughts in the reflective practice journal

39
Q

How to reduce researcher’s bias, general rules

A
  • fulfill criteria of trustworthiness
  • data must be interpreted based on objective analysis not on researcher’s experience or viewpoints
  • participant’s verification
  • results must be supported by data
  • transcription should be done by people familiar with the research topic
  • use a multidisciplinary team of coders
  • rigorously document the criteria for coding
  • clarify researcher’s viewpoint and experiences versus the research standpoint
40
Q

What is simple random sampling ?

A

The whole population is available for selection. Use lottery, balloting or computer-generated random sample

41
Q

What is stratified random sampling ?

A

Sample is selected from subgroups of population

42
Q

What is systematic random sampling ?

A

Selection at defined intervals

43
Q

What is clustered random sampling ?

A

For a very large population which require subdivisions into geographic areas

44
Q

What is convenience sampling ?

A

Selection is based on availability

45
Q

What is puporsive sampling ?

A

This sampling method assumes that participants are experts because their opinions and perceptions are qualitative data. Selection is based on pre-defined characteristics and the subjective judgement of the researcher that a potential participant can be an expert.

46
Q

What is snowball sampling ?

A

When the population is difficult to access to. Researcher requests access to colleagues/friends/relatives of a known research participants.

Research And Statistics (4 decks)

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