Qualitative Data Analysis

Question 1

Approaches to Qualitative Research

Answer 1

Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Phenomenology

Question 2

Ethnography - Description and Data collection methods (4)

Answer 2

To describe lived experiences of a group, ethnos, cultures/subcultures.
Data collection: interviews, surveys, observation, focus group, collected in participants natural environment.

Question 3

Grounded Theory - Description, Sampling and Data Collection Methods (4)

Answer 3

To identify and formulate a theory about a phenomenon. Theoretical sampling (sampling, data collection and analysis are iterative).
Data collection: Interviews, surveys, observations, focus groups.

Question 4

Phenomenology

Answer 4

To understand how a group of people deal with/cope with a common experience.

Question 5

5 Steps of Data Processing and Analysis

Answer 5

1. Transcription: convert data to text, verbatim.
2. Read transcript multiple times, be familiar with it.
3. Code the transcript
4. Make associations between codes to create categories or themes.
5. Find relationships between themes and interpret them to get your research results.

Question 6

Qualitative Data Analysis Categories (2) and Subcategories (3)

Answer 6

1. Thematic (requires coding)
   - Conventional content analysis (inductive coding)
   - Direct content analysis (deductive coding)
2. Non-thematic (no coding)
   - Summative content analysis (counting concepts)

Question 7

Content Analysis

Answer 7

Used to analyse qualitative data whatever the research approach.

Question 8

Conventional Content Analysis - Context, Goal and Coding

Answer 8

Context: Limited info on phenomenon
Goal: To describe the phenomenon.
Inductive coding: coding developed from the data.

Question 9

Direct Content Analysis - Context, Goal and Coding

Answer 9

Context: Some knowledge exists on the phenomenon.
Goal: To validate/extend existing knowledge.
Deductive coding: Predetermined coding (book) based on existing knowledge.

Question 10

Summative Content Analysis - Context, Goal and Coding

Answer 10

Context: Qualitative analysis of published manuscript or other primary data.
Goal: Quantify frequency of words and phrases used and identify underlying meaning.
No coding.

Question 11

Thematic Analysis - Description and 6 Phases

Answer 11

To identify and describe patterns. Requires content analysis (coding) in initial phases.
Analysis all data except summative.
1. Familiarize yourself with data.
2. Generate initial codes
3. Search for themes
4. Review themes
5. Define and name themes
6. Produce the report
For inductive coding (phases 2,3,4,5 don’t apply to deductive coding).

Question 12

Qualitative Research Quality/Rigour (4)

Answer 12

How trustworthy the research method and results are.
- Credibility: Do the results align with reality?
- Transferability: Are results applicable to other similar populations?
- Dependability: How detailed is the research report? will another researcher come to the same conclusions following it?
- Confirmability: How unbiased is the researcher?

Question 13

Credibility - How to achieve it? (6)

Answer 13

Participant verification
Peer debriefing
Triangulation
Use precedence
Prolonged interaction with participant/context
Prolonged interaction with data

Question 14

Transferability - How to achieve it? (3)

Answer 14

Purposive sampling
Collect detailed data
Detailed description of data and context in research report.

Question 15

Dependability - How to achieve it? (2)

Answer 15

Audit trail
Test the audit trail

Question 16

Confirmability - How to achieve it? (3)

Answer 16

Audit trail
Triangulation
Reflective practice

Question 17

How to reduce research bias? (4)

Answer 17

Fulfill criteria of trustworthiness
Ask participants to verify data interpretation
Interpret data based on objective analysis, not on researchers experience or point of view.
Research results must be supported by the data.