Qualitative Data

Question 1

What does qualitative data seen to explore?

Answer 1

Human experience and phenomena

Question 2

Is qualitative data interpretative or positivist?

Answer 2

Interpretive

Question 3

Is the theoretical focus of qualitative data deductive or inductive?

Answer 3

Inductive: qualitative data generates a theory rather than testing a hypothesis

Question 4

Is the involvement of the researcher within qualitative research objective or subjective?

Answer 4

Subjective- researcher is aware of how their own opinion may effect the study being undertaken

Question 5

Qualitative data is obtained using:

Answer 5

Open ended questionnaires, interview, focus groups, observation studies

Question 6

Can qualitative data findings be generalised?

Answer 6

Typically not due to smaller sample sizes.

Question 7

Name three methods of qualitative methodology:

Answer 7

1. Phenomenology
2. Ethnography
3. Grounded theory

Question 8

Briefly describe phenomenology

Answer 8

Describes lived experiences and phenomena experienced by individuals. Generally uses interview technique and analyses data collected into themes.

Question 9

Briefly describe ethnography

Answer 9

Ethnography focuses on the importance of culture and population experience. Recognises both historical and cultural influence on individual behaviour. Ethnography is rooted in anthropological and sociological beliefs.

Question 10

Briefly describe grounded theory

Answer 10

Theory is collected from data which has already been collected. I.e. a theory emerges as the data is progressively collected by the researcher. Questions are typically used to gather data and the theory gradually emerges.

Question 11

Define ‘ontology’

Answer 11

The study of ‘being’

Question 12

Name three sampling methods used in qualitative research:

Answer 12

• snowball
• purpose sampling
• convenience

Question 13

Name the 7 stages of thematic analysis

Answer 13

1. Data collection
2. Management of data
3. Familiarisation of data and data coding
4. Defining themes within the data collected
5. Representing the data
6. Producing a narrative using data collected
7. Conducting a report

Question 14

Define reflexivity in qualitative data collection:

Answer 14

Reflexivity describes how the researcher is aware of how they themselves may effect the process and outcomes of the research undertaken. i.e. the knowledge and opinions of the researcher themselves should be acknowledged and valued.

Question 15

Give three features of qualitative interview techniques:

Answer 15

1. Questions are open ended
2. Questions may change as interview progresses
3. Interviewees are encouraged to participate information outside of interviewer questions

Question 16

How may the rigour of a study be impacted?

Answer 16

1. By a lack of data
2. By a lack of data collection time
3. By inconsistent data which doesn’t demonstrate a theme

Question 17

What does evidence informed decision making begin with?

Answer 17

A focused question regarding a problem arising within practice.

Question 18

EIDM combines knowledge from which three sources?

Answer 18

1. An individuals clinical expertise
2. Preference of the patient
3. Research and resources available

Question 19

What are the 7 steps involved in evidence informed practice?

Answer 19

1. Define
2. Search
3. Appraise
4. Synthesize
5. Adapt
6. Implement
7. Evaluate

Question 20

What are the 5 stages in the hierarchy of evidence?

Answer 20

1. Systematic reviews
2. Randomized clinical trials
3. Observational studies
4. Case reports/ case studies
5. Opinions and ideas

Question 21

Give three barriers to EIDM:

Answer 21

1. Time constraints
2. Inability to access research
3. Inability to understand language of research used

Question 22

Findings of qualitative data are generally expressed using:

Answer 22

Words or written documentation.

Question 23

What are qualitative approaches concerned with exploring?

Answer 23

Phenomena or human behaviour from an internal perspective.

Question 24

What is the philosophic origin of qualitative data?

Answer 24

Interpretativism- prepared to sacrifice reliability and representativeness for greater validity.

Question 25

Are qualitative studies undertaken in a natural or a clinical setting?

Answer 25

Natural setting

Question 26

Is the theoretical focus of qualitative data inductive or deductive- describe why.

Answer 26

Inductive- qualitative data aims to generate a theory from research rather than establishing a theory beforehand.

Question 27

Is the involvement of the researcher in qualitative research subjective or objective?

Answer 27

Subjective.

Question 28

Briefly describe ethnography as a qualitative research method.

Answer 28

Ethnography is concerned with studying culture and environment to understand systems and phenomena. It is rooted in sociology and anthropology and recognises the importance of history and cultural significance.

Question 29

Briefly describe phenomenology as a qualitative research method.

Answer 29

Studies an individual who has experienced a single phenomena of interest. Recognises the importance of psychology, sociology and philosophy.

Question 30

Narrative inquiry is an umbrella term used within qualitative research methodology. What does it describe?

Answer 30

Narrative theory aims to capture human experience over a period of time. Narrative theory is a means by which we systematically gather, analyse and represent peoples stories as told by individuals or documents.

Question 31

Briefly describe grounded theory as a qualitative research method.

Answer 31

Grounded theory aims to gather as much data as possible and then gather a theory from the data once analysed. The goal is to discover an emerging theory that fits with the data collected.

Question 32

Describe a case study.

Answer 32

A case study can be defined as an intensive study about a person or a group of individuals which is aimed to generalise over several units once a theory has emerged.

Question 33

Describe non-probability sampling as a qualitative sampling method.

Answer 33

A technique whereby the researcher subjectively selects participants based upon their own judgement rather than randomly..

Question 34

Describe convenience sampling as a qualitative sampling method.

Answer 34

Convenience is a type of non-probability sampling whereby the sample is taken from the population which is close to hand. It is used as it is quick, cost effective and easily available.

Question 35

Describe purposive sampling as a qualitative sampling method.

Answer 35

A non-probability sampling method where the researcher chooses participants based upon particular characteristics which they demonstrate. The sample is created with a purpose in mind.

Question 36

Describe theoretical sampling as a qualitative sampling method.

Answer 36

Theoretical sampling aims to find data which fits with an emerging theory. It is often used to produce more data or to add to data which has already demonstrated a theory.

Question 37

Describe snowball sampling as a qualitative sampling method.

Answer 37

Snowball sampling occurs when research participants recruit others for a test or a study. It is used when potential participants may be hard to find.

Question 38

State the 7 stages of thematic analysis:

Answer 38

1. Data collection 2. Data management 3. Familiarisation and coding 4. Defining themes 5. Representing data 6. Making an account/narrative of data collected 7. Reporting on data

Question 39

Define ontology:

Answer 39

The study of being.

Question 40

Describe interpretivism:

Answer 40

The study of the relationship between society and the individual.

Question 41

Describe epistemology:

Answer 41

The theory of knowledge with regards to its methods, validity and scope.

Question 42

What does PICOT stand for in relation to EIDM?

Answer 42

``` P- Population I- Intervention C- Comparison O- Outcome T- Time ```

Question 43

What does SPIDER stand for in relation to EIDM?

Answer 43

``` S- sample PI- phenomenon of interest D- design E- evaluation R- research type ```

Question 44

What are the three research methodologies used within qualitative research?

Answer 44

Phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory.

Question 45

What are the 3 steps in the evidence informed practice process which allow for new skills to be developed?

Answer 45

1. Constructing clinical questions 2. Searching for relevant research 3. Evaluating literature

Question 46

What is the primary benefit of EIDM?

Answer 46

It reduces the gap between effective research and excellent practice within nursing.