Qualitative

Question 1

Ontology

Answer 1

How you make sense of the world and how you understand the world around you

Question 2

Ontology -

Objectivism

Answer 2

Social phenomena and their meaning existence independent of social actors - don’t need actors for the social to exist

Question 3

Ontology -

Constructionism

Answer 3

Social phenomena and their meaning are made by social actors - NEED actors for the social to exist

Question 4

Epistemology

Answer 4

Concerned with what is considered valid knowledge

Question 5

Epistemology -

Positivism

Answer 5

the application of methods of sciences to the study of social reality

Question 6

Epistemology -

Interpretivism

Answer 6

the subject meaning of social interaction

Question 7

Qual =

Answer 7

View of those involved:
understand complex world and behaviours
Study things in natural setting

Question 8

Realism

Answer 8

combination of elements of positivism and interpretivism-
identifies underlying or enduring social structures in order to understand social relations and institutions
- focus on explaining what is not immediately apparent

Question 9

Critical realism

Answer 9

Aims to identify in order to change

Question 10

Qual is inductive

Answer 10

Theories emerge from analysis don’t start with one

• Holistic, examines whole system
• Context sensitivity, understood in social, historical and physical context

Question 11

Meaning

Answer 11

people impose order onto the world in order to create meaning
-meanings are cognitive categories that make up views of reality

Question 12

Research design - 3

Answer 12

framework/structures to guide data collection and analysis
cross-sectional
longitudinal
case study

Question 13

Naturalised transcription (Jefferson)

Answer 13

speech patterns between people are of interest

• conversation analysis
• discursive psychology

Question 14

Conversation analysis

Answer 14

Naturalised transcription

focuses on naturally occurring talk

• analysing fine details of the structure of the convo
• structure and sequences
• talk in interaction

Question 15

Discursive psychology and Discourse analysis

Answer 15

people perform actions in talk

• talk is constructive
• look for how language ‘does things’

Question 16

Naturalised transcription

Answer 16

Common in conversation analysis, and discursive psychology where speech patterns between people are of interest to be examined analytically.

Tends to be presented like a dramatic script

Belief that misrepresentation is lessened because the transcript is as close as possible to the actual conversation.

Question 17

Thematic analysis and grounded theory

Answer 17

Cornered with meaning making and perceptions

Rather than speech patterns!

Question 18

Thematic analysis and grounded theory use..

Answer 18

Denaturalised transcripts

Question 19

Denaturalised transcripts

Answer 19

Common in grounded theory/ thematic analysis/ critical discourse analysis, and is concerned with the overall substance of the interview – i.e. the meanings and perceptions created and shared during the conversation.

uses erms and uhhs notes everything that was said between people

+easier to read and flow naturally
- too clean means they can lose context and meaning

Question 20

3 types of field notes

Answer 20

Head notes (mental notes)
Jotted notes
full-field notes

Question 21

Ethnographic

Answer 21

is a research method designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study.
+ real involvement within field work
- can’t fully immerse yourself

Question 22

Field notes in grounded theory =

Answer 22

Memo writing
- catch your thoughts
- make connections and comparisons
- Memos allow researcher to actively engage in data
+ pivotal link between collecting data and developing a theory

Question 23

Secondary data analysis

Answer 23

previously collected data, can be used to describe the attributions and attitudes 
\+ less cost and time required
\+ high quality of data
\+ much qual material remains un explored 
- lack of familiarity with the data 
- data quality
- might not fit your research 
- ethical issue, consent

Question 24

Comparative research

Answer 24

comparisons over time or between social groups or regions

Question 25

Meta-data

Answer 25

Data that describes data
+ helps organise
+ provides valuable context, who, what, where

Question 26

Analytic cycle - 4 - in coding

Answer 26

Develop codes
Describe and compare
Categorise and conceptualise
Develop theory/ explanation

Question 27

Coding =

Answer 27

data broken down, conceptualised and put back together in news ways
- central process in which theories are built

Question 28

Deductive codes

Answer 28

A type of coding of qualitative data in which you start your analysis with codes already in mind, based on previous research, a theoretical framework, or your own experience.

Question 29

Inductive Codes (invivo codes)

Answer 29

active reading of data to identify the issues and topics which participants raised themselves
- A type of coding of qualitative data in which you start your analysis without any predetermined idea about which codes you will use in the process.

Question 30

cross-case comparison =

Answer 30

comparing data helps to identify patterns and associations

- comparing issues across and within different sub-groups or typologies

Question 31

Categorisation

Answer 31

identifying codes with similar patterns and associations and grouping them together into meaningful categories

Question 32

Conceptualising

Answer 32

thinking about the relationship between he categories and bringing the story together to explain the phenomena

Question 33

Using NVIVO in coding

Answer 33

provides a logical and systematic way to code and analyse data