Qu5

Question 1

What is valence

Answer 1

Verbs imply a certain number of participants ranging from 0-3

E.g. Yawn (1) She yawned
Drive (2) She drove the car

Question 2

What is argument structure

Answer 2

Info included in the lexical entry of the verb which supplies a) the number of essential participants, b) their roles, c) the order of these roles.

Question 3

Non-essential participants

Answer 3

Often classifies as adverbials
1. She topped the cake [with cream]
2. She ate the cake [with her friend]

Question 4

Essential participants

Answer 4

Those which are syntactically obligatory (I.e. sentence sounds odd without them)
1. She dropped the pens (the pens is essential)
2. She took the jacket (the jacket is essential)

Question 5

Roles of noun phrases: agent

Answer 5

Entity initiates an action e.g. He fried an egg

Question 6

Roles of noun phrases: Theme

Answer 6

The entity is only effected psychologically . E.g, He had a dream (dream=theme) she asked a question (question= theme)

Question 7

Roles of noun phrases: Patient

Answer 7

Entity effected physically e.e Albert ate a cake (a cake), the building collapsed (the building)

Question 8

Roles of noun phrases: experiencer

Answer 8

Ali felt tired (Ali) Mary fears Peter (Mary)

Question 9

Benefactives

Answer 9

Roles typically given to indirect object noun phrases
E.g. She gave him a book.
She= agent, him= benefactive, a book= patient

Question 10

Possessor

Answer 10

Possessor is the owner of something
E.g. Jack owns a Ferrari
Jack= possessor

Question 11

Attributive

Answer 11

Phrases which describe a property of something else. Mapped to object and subject compliments
E.g.
Jack is in a mood
(In a mood= attributive)
Janice feels happy
(Happy= attributive)

Question 12

Locative

Answer 12

Phrases that describe locations
E.g. Jason is in the park
In the park= locative