QM 1, Flashcards
The study of how best to collect, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.
Statistics
the backbone of a statistical investigation.
Data
the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.
Research
any information that has been collected, observed, generated or created to validate original research findings.
Research Data
Concepts, characteristics, or properties that can vary, or change, from one unit of analysis to another.
Variables
Variables that the researcher wishes to explain.
Is an effect or result, and it always depends on another factor. The goal of an experiment or study is to explain or predict the dependent variables caused by the independent variable
Dependent Variable (DV)
Variables that help explain the change in the dependent variable.
Stands alone and isn’t affected by other variables
Independent Variable (IV)
An empirical statement which seeks to test the relationship between at least two variables.
Hypothesis
Use of the following are very common displays used in reports:
- Tables
- Bar charts
- Pie charts
- Histograms
- Scatter diagrams
Tables work best when the data presentation:
Is used to look up or compare individual values
Requires precise values
Values involve multiple units of measure
Graphs work best when the data presentation:
Is used to communicate a message that is contained in the shape of the data
Is used to reveal relationship among many values
Categories of
Research Data
Categorical
Numerical
These data are expressed by means of a natural language description.
Categorical Data
(Qualitative Data)
They represent characteristics such as a person’s :
- gender,
- marital status
- hometown, or
- types of movies they like.
Values or observations can be assigned a code in the form of a number where the numbers are simply labels.
Nominal Data
Values or observations can be ranked (put in order) or have a rating scale attached.
Ordinal Data
such as a person’s height, weight, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), or blood pressure.
Measurement
such as how many teeth a dog has, or how many pages you can read of your favorite book before you fall asleep.
Count
Measurements.
Their possible values cannot be counted and can only be described using intervals on the real number line.
can take any value (decimal numbers)
Continuous Data
Items that can be counted.
Certain values
Discrete Data
Grouping method
Hypothesis testing
Chi-squared test - aims to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequency and the observed frequency of the given values.
Nominal (labels)
charts such as pie chart.
Visualization Tools
accepting or rejecting a claim.
Hypothesis testing
used to test whether there is a significant mean difference between two sets of paired data.
Matched-paired test
