QI/Stats/ethics

Question 1

6 features to assess for in a RCT

Answer 1

1. Focused and relevant question PICO
2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
3. Blinding
4. Randomization
5. Primary and secondary endpoints appropriate and how large was the treatment effect
6. Intention to treat analysis (or per protocol)
7. Relevance/Applicability

Question 2

6 features to assess for in a Systematic Review

Answer 2

1. Focused and relevant question PICO
2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
3. Search strategy
4. Study quality and assessed by independent reviewers (ie. included RCTs)
5. Heterogeneity assessed
6. Recommendation strength based on quality of evidence

Others:
Applicability/Generalizability
Were all important outcomes considered?
Are the benefits worth the harm/costs?

Question 3

4 pillars of ethics

Answer 3

Autonomy
Beneficence
Non-maleficence
Distributive justice

Question 4

What are the 3 principles of informed consent

Answer 4

1. Voluntary
2. Capacity
3. Informed

Question 5

5 requirements to pursue MAID

Answer 5

1. Eligible for health services funded by the federal gov, or a province or territory
2. 18 years old and mentally competent.
3. Have a grievous and irremediable medical condition
4. Make a voluntary request for MAID without outside pressure or influence
5. Give informed consent to receive MAID

Question 6

3 factors that determine power in a study?

Answer 6

1. Larger sample size=larger power
2. Less stringent p-value (ie. p=0.05 vs p<0.001)= higher power
3. power is higher when the standard deviation is small (more homogenous population).
4. Power is higher with a one-tailed test than with a two-tailed test as long as the hypothesized direction is correct.

Question 7

What is selection bias?

Answer 7

Selection bias occurs when groups being compared in an analysis differ systematically in ways unknown or unintended. For example, in a cohort study, the exposed and unexposed groups may differ in ways other than their exposure to the risk factor under study (e.g., smokers might drink more sugared soft drinks per day than nonsmokers).

Question 8

What is ascertainment bias?

Answer 8

Ascertainment bias arises when data for a study or an analysis are collected (or surveyed, screened, or recorded) such that some members of the target population are less likely to be included in the final results than others. The resulting study sample becomes biased, as it is systematically different from the target population. (compromises external validity).

Could be a result of selection bias or in a clinical trial because of improper blinding or allocation concealment.