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QB - MICRO Flashcards

1
Q

Calicivirus

A

Viral gastroenteritis

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2
Q

Paramyxovirus

A

Parainfluenza virus - croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)
RSV (bronchiolitis)
Measles
Mumps

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3
Q

Parvovirus

A

B19
– Aplastic crises in sickle cell anemia patients; symmetric peripheral arthropathy in females
– Erythema infectiosum (5th disease) in children - “slapped cheek” appearance
– Hydrops fetalis in fetus

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4
Q

Rubella

A

Maculopapular rash
Occipital and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy
Rash spreads head –> inferiorly –> trunk and extremities

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5
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A

V-shaped (acute angle) branching hyphae

Invasive aspergillosis in IMMUNOCOMPROMISED patients (neutropenics)
Fungus balls in old lung cavities

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

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6
Q

Rhizopus & Mucor

A

NON-SEPTATE hyphae at RIGHT angles
Infect paranasal sinuses

Diabetics, burns, immunocompromised

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7
Q

Facial/periorbital pain, headache, purulent nasal discharge; black eschar on palate or nasal turbinates can be seen; what does organism look like?

A

Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia fungi
Only in mold form
Broad, nonseptate hyphase that branch @ wide, often 90o angles

Rx: surgical debridement of necrotic tissue; amphotericin B

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8
Q

What other organisms share similar site of infection as Mucor/Rhizopus?

A

Invasive aspergillosis

Unlike Mucor&Rhizopus, Aspergillus has septate hyphase that branch at 45 angles (V-shaped branching)

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9
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Meningitis + lung infections (AIDS)
Yeast form - spread by respiratory droplets
HIV patient exposed to soil + bird droppings
Yeast has thick polysaccharide capsule - avoids phagocytosis
India ink stain of CSF (wide clear zone around nucleus)

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10
Q

Vibrio cholera

A

Water-borne gastroenteritis
Oxidase-positive, gram-negative rods
Prefers highly ALKALINE environment

Pts. w/ achlorhydria or been on proton pump inhibitor meds for a long time (e.g. Omeprazole) at risk because stomach loses its acidity –> Cholera passes through stomach to inhabit small intestine

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11
Q

Rhabdoviridae (Rabies)

A

SS RNA virus - bullet shaped w/ glycoprotein spikes
Binds acetylcholine receptors
Pts infected: agitation, phayngospasm, hypersalivation

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12
Q

Viruses + Cellular Receptor
1. CMV
2. EBV
3. HIV
4. Rabies
5. Rhinovirus

A

EBV = CR2 (CD21)
HIV = CD4 & CXCR4/CCR5
Rabies = Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Rhinovirus = ICAM1 (CD54)

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13
Q

X-linked recessive

A

Oblivious females will give her boys her x-Linked diseases.

Ocular albinism
Fabry’s
Wiskott-Aldrich
G6PD Deficiency
Hemophilia A&B
Brutton’s agammaglobulinemia
Hunter’s syndrome
Lesch-Nyhan
Duchenne’s dystrophy

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14
Q

Parvovirus B19

A

Erythema infectiosum (5th disease)
Aplastic crises (sickle cell anemia pts.)
Hydrops fetalis (~20th weeks)

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15
Q

Encapsulated organisms

A

Neisseria
Haemophilus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Salmonella
Klebsiella
Group B Strep

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16
Q

L. monocytogenes (Listeria)

A

Immunocompromised
Unpasteurized milk, undercooked meats, unwashed veggies
Tumbling motility

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17
Q

Vaccine: Capsular polysaccharide

A

S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis
H. influenzae

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18
Q

Vaccine: Live attenuated bacteria

A

BCG - tuberculosis & typhi (outside US)
Measles, mumps, rotavirus, Varicella zoster, SABIN

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19
Q

Vaccine: Killed bacteria

A

Anthrax
Cholera
Pertussis
Plague (Yersinia pestis)

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20
Q

Vaccine: Inactivated toxin

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus

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21
Q

Vaccine: Recombinant surface protein

A

Hep B

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22
Q

Mycoplasma

A

LACK peptidoglycan wall
Treat w/ Macrolides or Tetracyclines

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23
Q

Spirochetes

A

Syphilis
Borelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Leptospira

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24
Q

Cold agglutinins

A

Mycoplasma infection

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25
Positive FTA-ABS
T. pallidum (syphilis) Can also use VDRL test, RRP test (cardiolipin)
26
Herpes simplex
VESICULAR skin lesions DNA virus - enveloped & icosahedral Neonates - encephalitis stress brings about HSV-1 outbreaks
27
TORCH (congenital diseases)
Toxoplasmosis - chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications (mom exposure to cat litterbox) CMV - blueberry muffin rash, petechiae (vs. rubella - rubella has PDA, cataracts, deafness) Rubella - cataracts, blueberry muffin rash Syphilis - saddle nose, hemorraghing from nose, Hutchinson's teeth (saber shins)
28
**Vaginal itching (yeast infection) - discharge
White - Candida Pseudohyphae and budding yeasts (20C); Germ tubes (37C) Yellow - Trichimonas Grey - BV (bacterial vaginosis)
29
Poxvirus
Only DNA virus that replicates in cytoplasm (all others replicate in nucleus) dsDNA complex lipid envelope Only DNA virus that is brick shaped (all other DNA viruses are icosahedral)
30
Giardia lamblia
Explosive flatulence (chocolate fatty - bad smell!) Watery diarrhea, recent travels Crescent shaped protozoa
31
Entamoeba histolytica
Bloody diarrhea - cysts or trophozoites in stool Flask shaped ulcers
32
Klebsiella
Current jelly sputum Alcohol/hospital
33
RSV
Pediatrics
34
HIV
Diagnose babies that has positive ELISA and Western Blot PCR - how much of the virus is there (confirmatory HIV infection)
35
Naegleria fowleri
Encephalitis
36
Missouri, Ohio (Central US)
Histoplasmosis - hides inside macrophages (intracellular yeast) Pilot's wheel: paracoiccidiodes Encapsulated budding yeast: Coccidioides
37
Trichomonas
Motile trophozoites Vaginal itching - yellow
38
Picornavirus
ssRNA virus, nonsegmented naked Coxsackie
39
S. aureus
Protein A (keeps itself from being phagocytosed) causes abscess Gram +, coagulase +, catalase +
40
HPV
Koilocytes (seen on Pap smear) -- Owl's eyes inclusions - CMV Cowdry - Herpes Negri bodies - rabies
41
RSV - paramyxovirus
Kid - pneumonia, bronchiolitis
42
Group B Strep
Strep Agalactiae Newborn - nuchal rigidity, bulging fontanelles (meningitis) Bacitracin resistant
43
Silver staining cyst
Pneumocystic jirovecii
44
Sporotrichosis
Roses - gardener
45
Varicella, Zoster
Latent in dorsal root ganglia -- Sacral root ganglia - HSV2 Trigeminal root ganglia - HSV1
46
Plamodium falciparum
WORSE malarial type! Southeast Asia
47
Babesiosis
Northeast US (New England)
48
Charcoal yeast extract
Legionellla pneumophila
49
PML
JC virus reactivation Giant cell oligodendrocytes De-myelination (white matter) HIV/AIDS patients
50
Mumps
Orchitis, parotid glands swollen Synctia formation - many cells conglomeruate to make a giant cell (avoid antibodies this way)
51
Pnuemocystis jirovecii
Pulmonary problem in AIDS patient
52
Clostridium botulinum
Spores - affect babies Toxin - affect adults Floppy baby syndrome
53
Differentiate btwn EHEC, EIEC, Shigella
EIEC - does NOT make a toxin EHEC - HUS (anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure) -- remember triad!! Doesn't ferment sorbitol Shigella - invades host cells (removes adenine from rRNA)
54
Lecithinase production
Clostridium perfringens Lecithinase also called alpha toxin or PHOSPHOLIPASE C destroys RBCs, Leukocytes, endothelial cells --> tissue necrosis "gas gangrene"
55
Guillain-Barre syndrome (etiological cause)
Demyelinating syndrome of peripheral nerves (ascending muscle weakness/paralysis) Campylobacter jejuni --> infectious diarrhea
56
Virus w/ partially double-stranded circular DNA molecule; has RT DNA polymerase; makes intermediate + single-stranded RNA template & dsDNA progeny
Hepatitis B
57
Viruses with segmented genomes; clinical significance of segmented genome?
Influenza virus (orthomyxovirus) Rotavirus Segmented genome allows for genetic reassortment --> genetic shifts occur contrast w/ genetic drift (via point mutations)
58
Patient has sharply demarcated salmon-colored plaques - loosely adherent, silvery scale; some nail changes; what other complaints will patient have?
Psoriasis (condition) associated w/ psoriatic arthritis (potential complication)
59
How can NSAIDs cause adverse pulmonary symptoms?
Inhibit COX pathway --> shunts over to leukotriene pathway --> precipiate asthma attacks
60
HIV virus env gene
env gene glycosylated --> gp160 gp160 proteolytically cleaved in ER --> gp120 and gp41 gp120 = viral absorption by binding to CD4 receptor gp41 anchors gp120 through noncovalent bonds - mediates fusion process
61
Candidiasis - who is at risk?
HIV+ patients Diabetes mellitus Cancer Asthma patients on oral/inhaled steroids Systemic antibiotic therapy Dentures
62
Produces potent exotoxin associated w/ cardiac and neural toxicity
C. diphtheriae --> bacterial toxin-mediated axonal damage also causes pseudomembranous pharyngitis
63
Difference btwn EHEC O157:H7 and rest of E. coli
EHEC unable to ferment sorbitol on MacConkey agar & lacks glucuronidase
64
EHEC
hemorrhagic colitis (undercooked hamburger meat) Shiga-like toxin inactivate 60S ribosomal subunit HUS -- thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, renal insufficienct (uremia)
65
ETEC toxins
LT and ST
66
Bacteria toxins that activate adenylate cyclase (cAMP)
Pertussis toxin Edema factor (B. anthracis) Heat labile toxin (ETEC) C. jejuni enterotoxin (Campylobacter jejuni) Heat labile enterotoxin (Bacillus cereus) Choleragen toxin (V. cholerae) Increase cAMP --> increased secretion of Na+, Cl-, and H20 into intestinal lumen --> diarrhea
67
Bacteria toxins that activate guanylate cyclase (cGMP)
Heat stable toxin (ETEC) Y. enterocolitica enterotoxin (Yersinia enerocolitica) Increase intracellular cGMP --> watery diarrhea + electrolyte loss
68
Bacteria toxins that inactivate EF-2
Diphtheria toxin Exotoxin A (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Inhibit protein synthesis (catalyze ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 --> protein inactivated)
69
Bacteria exotoxin that disrupts cytoskeleton
Clostridium difficile --> depolymerize actin --> cell death
70
Mechanism by which Shigellosis initiates infection
Specificity to M cells in Peyer's patches in ileum (endocytosis) S. sonnei common in US Ulceration w/ hemorrhage & diarrhea
71
Common cause of otitis media; vaccine against what part of bacteria?
H. influenzae common cause of otitis media Vaccine against polysaccharide capsule -- strains that do not produce capsule = nontypable; Nontypable is not susceptible to Hib vaccine
72
Blastomycosis dermatitidis
Great Lakes, Missisippi, Ohio River found in mold form in soil and animals (dogs, horses) flu-like illness: pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis pulmonary blastomycosis --> granuloma formation
73
Virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
"Serpentine" pattern - prescence of cord factor Cord factor = mycoside = two mycolic acid molecules bound to disaccharide trehalose Cord factor inactivates neutrophils, damages mitochondria, induces release of tumor necrosis factor
74
Superantigens of Staph and Strep; mechanism?
Widespread T cell activation - bind nonspecifically to T cell receptors and CD4+ T cells
75
ETEC Campylobacter jejuni Vibrio cholera Yersinia enterocolitica Mechanism of pathogenesis?
Release exotoxins --> electrolyte transport cAMP --> active efflux of Na+ and Cl- --> water follows --> diarrhea
76
Clostridium perfringens
Release alpha-toxin or phospholipase C --> degrades cell membrane phospholipids --> cell destruction
77
Prophylactic Rx for M. tuberculosis or positive PPD conversion
Isoniazid
78
Rifampin is prophylactic Rx for what organisms?
Neisseria meningitidis H. influenzae
79
Penicillin is treatment for which organisms?
Treponema (syphilis) Neisseria (gonorrhea) Gram + bacteria
80
TMP-SMX is prophylactic treatment for what organisms?
Pneumocystis jiroveci - pneumonia (fever, non-productive cough) Toxoplasma gondii
81
Prophylactic treatment for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
Opportunistic pathogen causing disseminated disease in HIV+ patients Azithromycin
82
Legionella pneumonia
High fever Bradycardia Watery diarrhea - due to ingestion of organism via contaminated water source Hyponatremia** Gram stain -- see A LOT of neutrophils but very little organisms (intracellular organism) Unilobar lung infiltrate --> consolidation
83
Organism stains positive in mucicarmine stain; what is stain used for and what fungus stains positive?
Stains polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans (virulence factor) Organism is round yeast cells w/ narrow-based buds
84
Cysteine-tellurite agar
C. diphtheriae --> black colonies
85
Thayer-Martin VCN medium
Neisseria species VCN = vancomycin, colistin (polymyxin), nystatin
86
Aseptic meningitis & herpangina (painful mouth blisters) in children
Coxsackie virus
87
Hemiparesis Visual field defects (hemianopsia) Cognitive impairment
PML due to JC virus
88
Cause of aplastic crises in sickle cell anemia pts. Causes hydrops fetalis in fetus
Parvovirus B19
89
Heterophil antibody-negative mononucleosis
CMV Contrast w/ heterophil antibody-positive (Mono-spot positive) mononucleosis: EBV
90
S. haematobium vs. S. mansoni vs. S. japonicum
S. haematobium: urinary schistosomiasis S. mansoni: intestinal schistosomiasis S. japonicum: hepatic schistosomiasis
91
Rabies virus reservoir in US
Bats
92
Hydatid cyst in humans -- following ingestion of food; what is intermediate host?
Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm) Sheep are intermediate host

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