Q3 - LT#1

Question 1

Provide solutions to things that are unknown.

Answer 1

research

Question 2

Bridge gaps in knowledge

Answer 2

research

Question 3

improve the way that professionals work and the quality of life

Answer 3

research

Question 4

must always be of high quality in order to produce knowledge that is applicable to the outside of the research setting.

Answer 4

research

Question 5

May refer to a question or issue observed in your
surroundings that need to be addressed to look for a solution.

Answer 5

research problem

Question 6

three ways of stating the rs problem

Answer 6

1. Problem Statement
2. Research Objectives
3. Research Problem

Question 7

Means that observations or data needed to answer the problem can be collected from the real-world setting.

Answer 7

researchable

Question 8

Socially relevant and worth investigating.

Answer 8

theoretically and practically relevant

Question 9

Bear these questions:
01. How might answers to this research question advance in my field of study?
02. How might answers to this research question improve practices in my
field of study?
03. How might answers to this research question improve human condition?

Answer 9

significant

Question 10

There is no use in wasting time and energy in solving a research problem that has been thoroughly studied by other researchers

Answer 10

original/novel

Question 11

Research objectives must be clear and practically manageable.

Answer 11

specific

Question 12

Can be executed based on the given finances,
availability of needed materials and equipment, manpower, and time to complete the study

Answer 12

feasible

Question 13

Researchers observe practices within the confines of acceptable ways of doing research.

Answer 13

ethical

Question 14

Also known as Review of Related Literature.

Answer 14

literature review

Question 15

process in scientific research that involves the gathering of information from multiple sources.

Answer 15

literature review

Question 16

importance of constructing literature review

Answer 16

1. Convey your reader the current state of research in the field.
2. Identify previous research the gap which a new research question can address.
3. Identify potential hypothesis and research methods of your research.
4. Gives evidence and justify the value and need for your research.

Question 17

factors considered in selecting and critiquing sources

Answer 17

1. Authorship credentials
2. Publisher credentials
3. Timely
4. Well-referenced
5. Objective
6. Properly Documented

Question 18

EATON’S HIERARCHY OF SOURCES

Answer 18

1. Most Respected (80%)
   Scopus-indexed journals
   Government documents and policy papers
   OECD, UNESCO, etc.
2. OK to use in moderation (< 20%)
   Publications from universities
   White papers
   Conference proceedings
3. Use Sparingly (<5%)
   CNN, Reuters
   Credible Websites
4. Avoid Altogether
   Articles from predatory journals

Question 19

factors that must be considered in choosing references

Answer 19

Accuracy, Authority, Objectivity, Currency, Coverage

Question 20

Is the Information reliable?
Is the information error-free?
Is the information based on proven standards?
Can the information be verified against other
reliable sources?

Answer 20

Accuracy

Question 21

Who is the author?
Do they have the qualifications to speak/write
on the topic?
Is the author affiliated with a reputable
university or organization in the subject field?

Answer 21

Authority

Question 22

What is the intended purpose of the
information?
Is the information facts or opinions?
Is the information biased?

Answer 22

Objectivity

Question 23

When was the information published?
Is the information current or out-dated?
Does currency matter in the topic?

Answer 23

Currency

Question 24

Does the information covered meet your
information needs?
Does it provide basic or in-depth coverage?

Answer 24

Coverage

Question 25

Literature Review Process

Answer 25

1. Select the topic 2. Identify the most relevant sources. 3. Search and Refine 4. Read and Analyze 5. Write the Review

Question 26

importance of literature review

Answer 26

01. Convey the current state of the research in the field. 02. Identify gap which a new research hypothesis or questions

Question 27

four evaluation criteria that a hypothesis must meet

Answer 27

01. It must state an expected relationship between variables. 02. It must be testable and falsifiable; researchers must be able to test whether a hypothesis is truth or false. 03. It should be consistent with the existing body of knowledge. 04. It should be stated as simply and concisely as possible.

Question 28

Refers to chemicals, materials, and substances that can have a detrimental effect on one’s health

Answer 28

chemical hazards

Question 29

These are chemicals that can cause damage to exposed materials. Many can even damage human tissue upon exposer. Ex: Nitric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid

Answer 29

corrosives

Question 30

These are chemicals that can cause cancers in humans. Ex. Ethidium Bromine, Asbestos, Benzene

Answer 30

carcinogens

Question 31

These are chemicals that can easily catch fire. Ex. Ethanol, Kerosene, Acetone

Answer 31

flammable materials

Question 32

These are chemicals that are toxic to human tissues. Ex. Arsenic, Heavy metals, Chlorine gas

Answer 32

toxic

Question 33

Chemical Hazards

Answer 33

Health: Acute Toxicity Skin Corrosion Skin Irritation CMR, STOT, Aspiration Hazard Environmental Hazardous to Aquatic Environment

Question 34

Commonly used in laboratories and field settings.

Answer 34

physical hazard

Question 35

physical hazard symbols

Answer 35

Explosives, flammable liquids, oxidizing liquids, compressed gases, corrosive to metals

Question 36

produce high heat and pressure to destroy microorganisms in laboratory materials.

Answer 36

autoclaves

Question 37

Refers to the equipment, steps, and technique to ensure no threat

Answer 37

biosafety

Question 38

can be performed in laboratory benches. Guidelines: Labcoats, gloves, eye protection, are worn as needed

Answer 38

BSL 1

Question 39

Can be performed in Biosafetical cabinets and laminar flow hood. o Guidelines: lab coats and gloves are worn, eye protection and face shields can also be worn as needed

Answer 39

BSL 2

Question 40

Contagious Guidelines: lab gowns

Answer 40

BSL 3

Question 41

Highly contagious diseases Negative pressure; must be an isolated area Guidelines: Full body air-supplied positive pressure suit. Virology Science and technology Institute of the Philippines

Answer 41

BSL 4

Question 42

Some studies deal with substances that may be carried through different environmental routes and affect entire ecosystems as result.

Answer 42

Pollution and Environmental Risks

Question 43

Close interactions with the subjects in question by the researchers may evoke strong emotions or dig up previous psychological issues that may resurface.

Answer 43

psychological risks

Question 44

From these conversations, norms were established on how research should be conducted – the “right way”. These groups were small, and the pool of knowledge was relatively shallow, It was easy for academics to check and raise issues of in consistencies with each other.

Answer 44

Scientific Revolution

Question 45

Research done in these times will follow the norms set by the academics from the scientific revolution. Making sure that all published or unpublished studies were done the “right way” became more challenging.

Answer 45

Industrial Revolution

Question 46

test new treatments; in 1900, the Kingdom of Prussia established the ------ (or Prussian Standards); probably deemed necessary after Albert Neisser’s public admission of having inoculated prostitutes with syphilitic serum

Answer 46

Berlin Code of Ethics

Question 47

1933 ascent to power of Adolph Hitler’s National Socialist German Workers’ Party led to the breakdown of earlier standards of ethical research conduct. o Inside the concentration camps, the large-scale medical experiments performed were of 3 types: o Research to improve survival for German troops exposed to the weapons of war (gases, incendiary bombs, radiation) or adverse weather conditions (cold, high altitude). o Testing of new drugs or surgical techniques. o The proving of national socialist theories of racial superiority (anti-Semitism, eugenics).

Answer 47

MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS IN THE THIRD REICH

Question 48

The voluntary informed consent of individuals to an experiment, without coercion of any type is essential. o The need to avoid necessary physical and mental suffering. o Evidence that the experiment is needed to yield fruitful results for the good of society.

Answer 48

Nuremberg Code

Question 49

Atrocities and violations of human rights were found to have occurred in many military experiments. The safety of the scientists who conducted these experiments was also questioned.

Answer 49

After the Wars

Question 50

occurred in 1949 after World War II. o The 1949 convention on the other hand, specifically protects civilians that were harmed during the war, especially those who were part of military experiments.

Answer 50

GENEVA CONVETION

Question 51

The well-being of human subjects should be prioritized over the interests of science and society.

Answer 51

Helsinki Declaration

Question 52

o RESPECT: The principle protects the right of individuals to be treated as autonomous agents and requires their voluntary informed consent to participation. o BENEFICIENCE: The possible scientific beliefs must be maximized and the possible risk to subjects minimized. o JUSTICE: Procedures should be done with good reason and managed properly. Subjects should not be exploited.

Answer 52

Belmont Report

Question 53

Academic institutions are encouraged to create their own ethics committees to review all research that will be conducted within their jurisdiction

Answer 53

Present Time

Question 54

is a committee that must evaluate the potential physical and psychological risk of research involving humans.

Answer 54

IRB (institutional review board)