Q2 Flashcards
Anything that strengthens or increases behaviour of an organism’s behaviour
Reinforcement
Two kinds of Reinforcers
- Positive Reinforcers
- Negative Reinforcers
Happens immediately when the desired response is made
example: studying before a quiz = high score
Natural Reinforcer
Gives an approval to a desired behaviour emitted
Example: teacher giving her student a pat on the shoulder for a job well done.
Social reinforcer
Giving a solid or physical reward once the desired behaviour is emitted
Tangible reinforcer
Giving tokens or points after doing the desired behaviour. Tokens can be exchanged for something important.
Token reinforcer
Removing an unpleasant condition after the desired behaviour is done. A response is strengthened when the unfavourable condition is removed.
Negative Reinforcers
Giving a reward once the desired behaviour is emitted
Positive reinforcement
Moving something out or getting rid of something in order to strengthen the behaviour being conditioned. This is also when an aversive stimulus is removed then the behaviour to be conditioned is strengthened.
Negative Reinforcement
Could be pain that can be experienced by the organism (physical/ psychological or any form of discomfort. The reinforcing agent/condition/ event makes one avoid the aversive stimulus
Aversive stimulus
Comes innately and does not require learning to be done. Ex: air, food, sleep, basic needs
Primary Reinforcement
Strengthens by a response by associating it with primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcement
Refers to the number of times a behavior can be reinforced
Schedule of Reinforcement
Is done when the response you want to be exhibited by the organism is reinforced every time the desired behaviour is shown
Continuous Reinforcement
Is done when a desired behaviour is only reinforced only part of the time
Partial Reinforcement
Are those in which a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.
Ex: delivering a food pellet to a rat after it presses a bar five times.
Fixed-ratio schedules
Occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding
Variable-ratio schedules
Are those where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval but slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer.
Fixed-interval schedules
Occur when a response is awarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of response
Variable-interval Schedule
This theory is based on the premise that an organism always wants to experience balance/equilibrium
Drive-reduction Theory (Clark Hull)
Also known as Grandma’s Rule/Relativity Theory.
According to this principle a less desirable behaviour can be strengthened when the individual is given the chance to do a more desirable behaviour.
The Premack Principle: David Premack (1965)
This tries to find out, as to whether one behaviour can serve as a reinforcement for another behaviour.
Response Deprivation Hypothesis
If an individual has several activities which he wants to do there is a great probability to distribute his actions among these activities that is most ideal for him.
Example: watching kdrama for 6 hours without restrictions and you experienced outmost pleasure
Behavioural Bliss Point
In learning is the gradual weakening in conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented together with the conditioned stimulus.
Extinction
Is a phenomenon wherein a response/ behaviour occurs because of the existence of an antecedent stimulus.
Stimulus Control
Is a thing/behaviour that comes before the response.
Antecedent Stimulus
