Q1 Exam: Logic - Last Flashcards
A branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of thinking and reasoning that uses empirical support and information which are reliable, valid and objective.
LOGIC
A branch of philosophy that deals with the examination of existence
Metaphysics
- studies the process of attaining knowledge
- is the explanation of how we think
Epistemology
What are the 3 Normative?
- Ethics
- Politics
- Aesthetics
a branch of branch of philosophy dealing dealing with correct judgment
Ethics
tells you how a society must be set up and how one should act within a society
Politics
a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art
Aesthetics
What are the 4 major questions that Philosophers ponder upon?
- Reality
- Certainty
- Causality
- Ethics
- The state of existence of things independent of human consciousness.
- It includes physical things that we see, feel, taste, and smell and things that we cannot easily perceive and comprehend.
- Include things that already existed, things that presently exist, and things that are yet to exist.
The Question of REALITY
What are the 2 Categories of REALITY?
- Concrete reality
- Abstract reality
Refers to things that physically exist
Concrete reality
Refers to things that DO NOT physically exist
Abstract reality
A branch of metaphysics, ontology, focuses on the classification of existing things.
METAPHYSICS
refers to perfect knowledge that is free from error or doubt.
Central concept is TRUTH
The Question of CERTAINTY
believes that knowledge is a priori knowledge or based on reasoning independent of any experience
RATIONALISM
Questions the certainty of established doctrines or truths and believes that the mind has limits in perceiving and understanding reality, thus, all knowledge uncertain.
SKEPTICISM
Considers knowledge to be a posteriori knowledge or knowledge gained from experience
EMPIRICISM
- Causes of events and phenomena
- Examining the cause-and-effect relationship.
The Question of CAUSALITY
which shows that each event is determined or influenced by a specific set of events or factors that are causally related.
Determinism
refers to a predetermined course of events leading to a specific outcome or future
Destiny
Branch of philosophy that studies causality
ETIOLOGYA
A branch which deals with the question of purpose
TELEOLOGY
Deals with the standards of right and wrong which define human behavior
As a field of study, it discusses and defines concepts and principles that are meant to govern reasoning and action.
The Question of ETHICS
The branch that seeks to apply and analyze these concepts in various situations, contexts, and cultures, and recommends guidelines that will govern the decision and actions of people.
Ethics or Moral Philosophy
is a belief, impression or judgment about something by not necessarily based on fact
OPINION
in science, (____) is based on facts something that is observable in philosophy truth is considered kind of quality and value
TRUTH
it is the clear awareness and understanding of anything that surrounds you.
KNOWLEDGE
a statement observable to truthful
FACTS
can be proven by verification and experimentation in order to find that the statement is true or false
OPINION
- States that something is true if it corresponds to reality or the actual state of affairs.
- Assumes a direct relationship between an idea and reality to be able to take a statement as “fact.”
CORRESPONDENCE THEORY
- Proposes that something is true if it makes sense when placed in a certain situation or context.
- There is a possibility that there will be varied “truths” from different perspectives.
- An idea or statement is true because it makes sense in its own context, and that it has a certain degree of consistency which renders it truthful.
COHERENCE THEORY
- Holds that knowledge is shaped by social forces and influenced by culture and history.
- What is true, or what a person considers true, is shaped by the structures within the individual’s society and culture.
- Knowledge is gained as part of social experience and requires interaction and collaboration.
CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY
- Views knowledge as based on agreement, and that something is true if almost everyone agrees that it is true.
- Used to determine the truth of scientific claims, where experts must agree on a certain phenomenon before it can be established as true.
CONSENSUS THEORY
- Holds the views that something is true if we can put it into practice or is useful in real life.
- Ideas should be continually tested to confirm their validity.
PRAGMATIC THEORY
An _______ is a set of statements where one or more premises lead to a conclusion
Argument
- is a flaw in reasoning that weakens an argument
- can be intentional (to mislead) or unintentional.
Examples: - A student says, “You can’t trust his opinion on politics because he’s just a teenager!”
- “If you don’t agree with me, you’ll be in big trouble!”
Fallacy
- Attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself.
Example: - Don’t listen to her argument about climate change; she’s not a scientist.
- He’s against the new policy because he’s lazy and doesn’t want to work harder.
AD HOMINEM
- Argumentum ad Baculum
- Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument
Example: - “If you don’t agree with my opinion, I won’t talk to you anymore.”
- If you don’t submit that report by tomorrow, I’ll make sure you fail this class!
APPEAL TO FORCE
- Persuading by appealing to the audience’s emotions rather than logic
Example: - A commercial shows sad images of neglected animals to persuade viewers to donate to a shelter.
- 2 A politician tells a tearful story about their childhood to gain support for a policy, without discussing its merits.
APPEAL TO EMOTION
- Bandwagon
- Arguing that something is true or better simply because it is popular or widely believed
EXAMPLE: - Everyone is using this brand of smartphone, so it must be the best.
- Most people believe in this superstition, so it must be true.
APPEAL TO POPULARITY
- The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time
Example: - We’ve always celebrated this holiday this way, so it must be the best way.
APPEAL TO TRADITION
- Assuming the truth of what you are trying to prove in your premises
Example: - Reading is good because reading is beneficial.
- The Bible is true because it says so in the Bible.
BEGGING THE QUESTION
- Assuming that because one event follows another, the first event caused the second
Example: - wore. my lucky shirt, and we won the game, so the shirt caused the win.
- Crime rates dropped after the mayor was after the elected, so the mayor caused the reduction in crime
CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
- Assuming that what is true of the parts is true of the whole
Example: - Each part of the machine is light, so the whole machine must be light.
- Every player on the team is talented, so the team must be unbeatable.
FALLACY OF COMPOSITION
- Assuming that what is true of the whole is true of its parts.
Example: - The university is prestigious, so every student must be brilliant.
- This cake is delicious, so each ingredient must taste good on its own.
FALLACY OF DIVISION
- Attribution Effect
- Overemphasizing personality traits and underemphasizing situational factors.
- “She failed the test because she’s lazy, ignoring the fact that she was ill.”
- “He’s a bad driver because he’s careless, ignoring that the weather was terrible.’
CORRESPONDENCE BIAS
- Tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s beliefs.
Example: - 1.You think a particular politician is honest, so you notice news that supports this belief but dismiss reports of corruption.
CONFIRMATION BIAS
The way information is presented can influence how it is perceived.
FRAMING BIAS
- Believing after an event that you predicted or knew the outcome.
Examples: - After a stock market crash, claiming, “I knew it was going to happen.”
- After a friend’s breakup, saying, “I always knew they weren’t right for each other.”
HINDSIGHT BIAS
- A situation where personal interest could influence professional judgment.
Examples: - A judge presiding over a case where a relative is involved.
- 2 A doctor receiving pharmaceutical company while recommending its drugs.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- Interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one’s own culture.
Examples: - Assuming that everyone celebrates the same holidays as you do.
- Believing that your culture’s way of doing something is the “right” or “normal” way.
CULTURAL BIAS
By definition, it is generally and commonly define to represent the entire human race
MAN
A term used to refer for various classifications and species. For a living man, human is under the classification of Mamalia.
HUMAN
A term used to separate man from other human classifications like animals
HUMAN BEING
Refers to an individual who possess self-awareness, self determination, rational mind, and the capacity to interact with other and with himself/herself.
PERSON
A general term refers to the state of being a person with unique, sacred and ethical status within him/herself.
PERSONHOOD
- A general term refers to the deepest and natural behaviour of a person that distinguish human from animals
- A collective traits that formed and considered the very essence of humanity. Nobody can be considered man without human nature.
HUMAN NATURE
(something within and cannot be physically seen) is the essential components of a human persons that deals with THE WHAT OF A PERSON which includes human persons’ belief, desire, dreams and intentions.
Cognitive Self
(something can be seen in his/her physical appearance) which deals with the essential features of the human way of life or THE WHO OF A PERSON which includes his/her body type, strength and appearances.
Physical Self
is an animating core living within each of us. It is known to be the driving force behind what we actually think, do and say.
Embodied spirit
- refers to person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions.
- It is the ability of one’s consciousness to look inward thus discovering the presence of a self.
Self- awareness
is able to connect and interact with another person, an animal or an inanimate object. We call this externality. So even though human beings have interiority they are not trapped inside their heads. They are able to go beyond their limited selves and embrace others.
A human person
- a human person has an inherent value and importance
- no amount of money can equal the value of a human life
- The American Founding Fathers called rights as “inalienable” because it cannot be separated from our humanity.
Dignity
According to him, the sketch of the genesis of the world (cosmology),the evolution of the world begins with the generation of opposites in certain region “Nature.”
Anaximander
The universe is a living embodiment of natures order, harmony and beauty. He sees our relationship with the universe involving biophilia (love of other living things) and cosmophilia (love of other living beings).
Pythagoras
“beauty is ultimately a symbol of morality.” He believes that the orderliness of nature and the harmony of nature with our faculties guide us toward a deeper religious perspective.
Immanuel Kant
- the discipline that studies the moral relationships of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents.
- Philosophers believe that the human person has the ability to change the environment to suit his purposes
ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY
- focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive.
- This view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its resources.
Anthropocentrism
- believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet, and that all other organisms have inherent value and should be protected.
- all living things in the world are equally important
- an animal’s life is as important as human life.
Biocentrism
- a perspective that places importance on the ecosystem as a whole.
- the ecological or relational integrity of the humans that provides meaning of our morals and values and it is nature centered
- This view believes that humankind is a part of a greater biological system or community and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.
- This view promotes the idea that order and balance in nature brings about stability and beauty.
Ecocentrism
it is an ecological philosophy developed by Norweigan philosopher Arne Naess in the early 1970s asserting that all life forms have an equal right to exist, human needs and desires have no priority over those of other organisms.
Deep Ecology
- it is a critical social social theory founded by American anarchist and libertarian socialist author Murray Bookchin.
- Conceptualized as a critique of current social, political, and anti-ecological trends, it espouses a reconstructive. ecological, communitarian, and ethical approach to society.
Social Ecology
It is also called ecological feminism, branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature.
Its name was coined by French feminist Francoise D’Eaubonne in 1974.
Ecofeminism
- one of the new areas of aesthetics that focuses on issues concerning appreciation of the environment
- can be defined as the interaction between a person and his environment, with respect to beauty.
- This philosophical view asserts that improving the natural beauty of the environment will contribute to the well being of the people and other living organisms.
Environmental aesthetics
It is rapidly occurring due to the ill effects of human actions responsible for disturbing and harmful out comings such as global warming, greenhouse effect. urban heat, coal industry etc.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Global warming another environmental issue which is increase in earths temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases called carbon dioxide. methane, water vapor and other gases
GLOBAL WARMING
it means, clearing of forests or green cover for means of agriculture, industrial or urban use.
DEFORESTATION
Resources crisis, gender imbalance, pollution, urban sprawling, deforestation are some common examples of dangerous effects cause by overpopulation.
OVERPOPULATION
The presence of huge landfills sites across the city pose serious environmental concerns. It affects human health, degrades soil quality, effects wildlife. cause air pollution and results in climate change.
INDUSTRIAL AND HOUSEHOLD WASTE
simply means rain that is acidic in nature due to the presence of certain pollutants in the in the atmosphere. These pollutants come in the atmosphere due to car or industrial processes.
ACID RAIN
is a layer of gas that sits 25-30 km above earths surface. It mainly contains contain ozone which is a naturally occurring molecule containing three oxygen atoms.
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
Is a development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- With prudence, a person can plan to buy in bulk at least some of the commodities that he uses regularly or on a daily basis.
- While this may sound to be expensive, the bulk purchase may turn out to be more economical than when buying in limited quantities.
PRUDENCE AND FRUGALITY
is defined as the ability to have good judgment that allows avoidance of dangers and risk.
PRUDENCE
- is the act of using money or other resources wisely and practically.
- The quality of being thrifty, sparing or economical in the consumption of resources and avoiding waste, lavishness, or extravagance
FRUGALITY
What are the 7 (+ 5 from the internet) Current Environmental Issues right now?
C G D O I A O (A W L W P)
- Climate change
- Global warming
- Deforestation
- Overpopulation
- Industrial and household waste
- Acid rain
- Ozone layer depletion
- Air pollution
- Water pollution
- Light pollution
- Waste management
- Plastic pollution
IMPORTANT
What are the 3 Components of a Human Person?
S M S
Spirit
Mind
Soul
IMPORTANT
What are the 5 Ways to Promote Environmental Awareness in a school setting
A P S S S
- Advocacy
- Posters
- Seminars
- Short film
- Social Media
