Q and A from last 2 Exams Flashcards
Animals lose water from their bodies by:
a. urination
b. respiration
c. defecation (in feces)
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
All of the above:
Urination
Respiration
Defecation
A Nutrient:
a. is anything the animal consumes and gets energy from
b. is any food product but not water
c. is any chemical element or compound in the diet that is required for normal reproduction, growth, lactation, or maintenance of life processes
d. a and c only
e. none of the above
is anything the animal consumes and gets energy from
is any chemical element or compound in the diet that is required for normal reproduction, growth, lactation, or maintenance of life processes
T or F: A “balanced diet” means a diet that has the correct nutrients, in the proper amounts, that an animal needs to be healthy
True
Energy is utilized by the animal’s body for:
a. locomotion
b. thermoregulation
c. biochemical reactions
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
All of the above:
locomotion
thermoregulation
biochemical reactions
Regarding protein:
a. quality is measured based on digestibility and availability of amino acids
b. requirements increase in growing, lactating, and healing animals
c. animal products are usually poor (not good) sources
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
quality is measured based on digestibility and availability of amino acids
requirements increase in growing, lactating, and healing animals
T or F: Monosaccharides, such as glucose and galactose, have a general formula of C6H12O6
True
Diet:
a. mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal
b the qualitative and quantitative requirements of the diet necessary to maintain proper health
c. an edible material that provides nutrients for animals
d. any material made into or used as food
Mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal
Feed:
a. mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal
b the qualitative and quantitative requirements of the diet necessary to maintain proper health
c. an edible material that provides nutrients for animals
d. any material made into or used as food
An edible material that provides nutrients for animals
Foodstuff:
a. mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal
b the qualitative and quantitative requirements of the diet necessary to maintain proper health
c. an edible material that provides nutrients for animals
d. any material made into or used as food
any material made into or used as food
Nutrition
a. mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal
b the qualitative and quantitative requirements of the diet necessary to maintain proper health
c. an edible material that provides nutrients for animals
d. any material made into or used as food
the qualitative and quantitative requirements of the diet necessary to maintain proper health
Water:
a. is a nutrient
b. can come from food
c. can come from metabolism in the body
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
All of the above:
is a nutrient
can come from food
can come from metabolism in the body
A good zoo nutrition program:
a. includes a record keeping system
b. is scientifically based
c. includes keepers who care
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
All of the above:
includes a record keeping system
is scientifically based
includes keepers who care
Dehydration symptoms in an animal include:
a. loss of skin elasticity
b. loss of appetite
c. reduced energy
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
all of the above:
loss of skin elasticity
loss of appetite
reduced energy
T or F: Carbohydrates are the most abundant nutrient in plants, while animal tissues have only trace amounts
True
Regarding energy:
a. GE refers to gross energy
b. DE refers to digestible energy: total ingested energy
c. ME refers to metabolizable energy
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
GE refers to gross energy
ME refers to metabolizable energy
Lipids include:
a. starch
b. cholesterol
c. vegetable oils
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
cholesterol
vegetable oils
T or F: Water is required by animals in larger amounts than any other nutrient
True
Carbohydrates:
a. are the body’s last preference for immediate energy needs
b. are stored in the body as glycogen and fat
c. may require specific digestive enzymes to break them down to be absorbed in the digestive tract
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
are stored in the body as glycogen and fat
may require specific digestive enzymes to break them down to be absorbed in the digestive tract
The “art of feeding’ includes:
a. presenting the food in a way that it stays clean
b. presenting the food in a way that only the proper species get it in a mixed species exhibit
c. preparing the diet in a way that the animal can eat it (ie. chopping it into correct size pieces)
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
all of the above:
presenting the food in a way that it stays clean
presenting the food in a way that only the proper species get it in a mixed species exhibit
preparing the diet in a way that the animal can eat it
T or F: The basic equation of metabolism in the body is: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 <-> g H2O + 6 CO2
True
Methionine:
a. carbohydrate
b. amino acid
c. fatty acid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
amino acid
Fructose:
a. carbohydrate
b. amino acid
c. fatty acid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
carbohydrate
Linoleic acid:
a. carbohydrate
b. amino acid
c. fatty acid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
fatty acid
Taurine:
a. carbohydrate
b. amino acid
c. fatty acid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
amino acid
Organic molecule:
a. carbohydrate
b. amino acid
c. fatty acid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
all of the above:
carbohydrate
amino acid
fatty acid
Polysaccharide:
a. carbohydrate
b. amino acid
c. fatty acid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
carbohydrate
Contains nitrogen:
a. carbohydrate
b. amino acid
c. fatty acid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
amino acid
Cellulose:
a. carbohydrate
b. amino acid
c. fatty acid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
carbohydrate
Tryptophan:
a. carbohydrate
b. amino acid
c. fatty acid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
amino acid
Linolenic acid:
a. carbohydrate
b. amino acid
c. fatty acid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
fatty acid
Regarding body water:
a. most of the body water is found in the cells
b. body water is found in the extracellular space (ie. interstitial fluid and plasma)
c. body water is only found in the GI and urinary tracts
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
most of the body water is found in the cells
body water is found in the extracellular space (ie. interstitial fluid and plasma)
The function of lipids in food include:
a. making sex hormones
b. antibody production
c. they are necessary for cell membrane structure
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
making sex hormones
they are necessary for cell membrane structure
T or F: 1 calorie is the energy it takes to raise 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius
True
Basal metabolism:
a. is the condition in which a minimal amount of energy is expended to sustain the body
b. the requirement is referred to as the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
c. Requires most of the total maintenance energy expenditure
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
all of the above:
is the condition in which a minimal amount of energy is expended to sustain the body
the requirement is referred to as the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
requires most of the total maintenance energy expenditure
Regarding glucose:
a. is stored in the liver as sucrose
b. it is considered a disaccharide
c. it is the preferred source of energy by the cells
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
is it the preferred source of energy by the cells
T or F: “As Fed” means to remove all the water from a food item
False
In regards to the hormones that control blood sugar levels:
a. insulin is released when blood sugar levels rise
b. glucagon is released when blood sugar levels drop
c. diabetes mellitus type 1 is insulin dependent
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
all of the above:
insulin is released when blood sugar levels rise
glucagon is released when blood sugar levels drop
diabetes mellitus type 1 is insulin dependent
Regarding lipid metabolism:
a. most lipids are absorbed into the lymphatic system
b. lipids are broken down by bile acids and pancreatic lipase
c. lipids are broken down into triglycerides and phospholipids
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
most lipids are absorbed into the lymphatic system
lipids are broken down by bile acids and pancreatic lipase
Ruminants:
a. can turn carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids which are used as an energy source
b. have a microbe population in their rumen that can breakdown cellulose
c. need a protein source for essential amino acids
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
can turn carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids which are used as an energy source
have a microbe population in their rumen that can breakdown cellulose
T or F: of all the three nutrient categories that provide energy, protein is the most preferred by the body to be used as energy
False
Regarding fatty acids:
a. triglycerides are made up of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
b. saturated fatty acids contain at least one double bonded carbon
c. all lipids are fatty acids
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
triglycerides are made up of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
Regarding calories:
a. 100 calories = 1 kilocalorie
b. 1 kilocalorie = 1 Calories = 1 Kcal
c. Kcal is the abbreviation for kilocalories
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
1 kilocalorie = 1 Calories = 1 Kcal
Kcal is the abbreviation for kilocalories
The following is/are true:
a. lipids are carried in the blood as lipoproteins
b. linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, meaning the body can’t make it so it needs to be provided in the diet
c. Fat is stored in adipocytes in the body tissues
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
all of the above:
lipids are carried in the blood as lipoproteins
linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, meaning the body can’t make it so it needs to be provided in the diet
fat is stored in adipocytes in the body tissues
Regarding amino acids:
a. they are the building block of lipids
b. amino acids are used to build enzymes and hormones
c. essential amino acids are required in the diet
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
amino acids are used to build enzymes and hormones
essential amino acids are required in the diet
Water serves the following basic functions for terrestrial animals:
a. temperature regulation
b. metabolism
c. absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
temperature regulation
metabolism
T or F: Ketones are a continuous product of lipid metabolism and can be used as an energy source by the body
True
Regarding protein metabolism:
a. degradation breaks down protein into amino acids
b. synthesis builds proteins with amino acids
c. ammonia is a waste product that must be turned into urea to excrete
d. all of the above.
e. a and b only
all of the above:
degradation breaks down protein into amino acids
synthesis builds proteins with amino acids
ammonia is a waste product that must be turned into urea to excrete
When providing energy to an animal on a per gram basis, the highest amount of energy is provided by:
a. carbohydrates
b. fat
c. protein
d. all of the above are equal
e. none of the above
fat
Regarding Biological Value (BV):
a. protein sources can be evaluated on this basis
b. it means the same as the % crude protein measurement
c. it measures the % nitrogen absorbed that can be utilized by the body
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
protein sources can be evaluated on this basis
it measures the % nitrogen absorbed that can be utilized by the body
T or F: Even though ruminants can survive without consuming essential amino acids, cats can develop dilated cardiomyopathy from a taurine deficiency
True
Regarding Vitamin C:
a. it enhances iron uptake
b. it is also called ascorbic acid
c. deficiency can lead to a syndrome called scurvy
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
it enhances iron uptake
it is also called ascorbic acid
deficiency can lead to a syndrome called scurvy
Which of the following is NOT a treatment for an ingested toxic substance
a. give a cathartic (strong laxative) to evacuate the colon
b. gastric decontamination such as activated charcoal
c. make the toxin more water-soluble to enhance elimination
d. give the animal some food to help absorb the toxin
give the animal some food to help absorb the toxin
The following vitamins are water soluble:
a. vitamin C
b. biotin
c. thiamin
d. folic acid
e. all of the above
all of the above:
vitamin C
biotin
thiamin
folic acid
Which of the following statements describes grass tetany:
a. it usually happens right after or at the time of calving
b. it is also known as hypomagnesemia and causes muscle rigidity
c. it causes weakened bones from inappropriate nutrition
d. it causes stones in the digestive and urinary tracts
it is also known as hypomagnesemia and causes muscle rigidity
T or F: Macrominerals are required in relatively large amounts in the diet and are usually expressed in PPM or mg/kg
False
Vitamin A:
a. it is also called the sunshine vitamin
b. plays a major role in vision
c. it is often found in yellow and orange produce, like carrots
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
plays a major role in vision
it is often found in yellow and orange produce, like carrots
Regarding energy concentrates:
a. cereal grains are a common source because they are high in starch
b. consist of animal meat and bone meal
c. crude protein tends to be high
d. all of the above
cereal grains are a common source because they are high in starch
Vitamin K:
a. is necessary for normal blood clotting
b. is a water-soluble vitamin
c. is required in all animal’s diet because it is not produced by microbes in the gut
d. requires UV light for activation
is necessary for normal blood clotting
Regarding B vitamins:
a. riboflavin is one
b. they often have nervous system or metabolic functions
c. rumen microflora can make many of them
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
all of the above:
riboflavin is one
they often have nervous system or metabolic functions
rumen microflora can make many of them
Which of the following is a trace mineral:
a. potassium
b. zinc
c. calcium
d. magnesium
zinc
Vitamins:
a. are organic compounds
b. are necessary in small amounts in the diet
c. sometimes act as catalysts to make a reaction in the body happen
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
Are organic compounds
Are necessary in small amounts in the diet
Sometimes act as catalysts to make a reaction in the body happen
T or F: Per the USDA, removal of unconsumed food (meat for example) must occur within 24 hours from presentation of the food
False
Which of the following statements is true regarding Choline:
a. it works as an antioxidant in the body
b. it can be produced by microbes in the gut of most animals
c. it is a water-soluble vitamin and is needed in relatively large amounts
d. it is considered a B vitamin
it is a water-soluble vitamin and is needed in relatively large amounts
Regarding water soluble vitamins:
a. generally, no body storage, except vitamin B12
b. consist of mostly B and C vitamins
c. relatively non-toxic
d. all of the above
all of the above:
generally, no body storage, except Vitamin B12
consist of mostly B and C vitamins
relatively non-toxic
Regarding minerals in the diet:
a. excess can lead to stone formation in the digestive tract
b. excess can lead to crystal or stone formation in the urinary tract
c. geographic variation in where food is grown can cause changes in content
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
all of the above:
excess can lead to stone formation in the digestive tract
excess can lead to crystal or stone formation in the urinary tract
geographic variation in where food is grown can cause changes in content
Regarding Vitamin E:
a. it is a fat-soluble vitamin
b. it is often linked with a mineral, Selenium
c. alpha-tocopherol is another name for the active form of this vitamin
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
all of the above:
it is a fat-soluble vitamin
it is often linked with a mineral, Selenium
alpha-tocopherol is another name for the active form of this vitamin
Which of the following is NOT a cause of Metabolic Bone Disease:
a. Improper Ca:P ration in the diet
b. lack of sunlight or UVB light
c. improper Vitamin D in diet
d. loss of calcium during lactation
loss of calcium during lactation
T or F: When a diet is analyzed, the ash content is determined by incinerating a food sample at high temperature, leaving only minerals
True
Treatment and prevention for Iron Storage Disease:
a. includes repeated phlebotomy, since the body has no natural way to get rid of excess iron
b. includes giving a drug to bind to the iron, called chelation, and kidneys excrete this
c. includes changing the diet to stop the process
d. all the above
e. b and c only
all of the above:
includes repeated phlebotomy, since the body has no natural way to get rid of excess iron
includes giving a drug to bind to the iron, called chelation, and kidneys excrete this
includes changing the diet to stop the process
Appropriate Calcium to Phosphorus ratio in the diet is:
a. 10:1
b. 4:1
c. 2:1
d. 1:2
2:1
Potassium is:
a. a micromineral
b. also called an electrolyte
c. imperative for the body to function on a cellular level
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
also called an electrolyte
imperative for the body to function on a cellular level
If stored or prepared improperly, food can break down via:
a. oxidation
b. desiccation or water loss
c. leaching of nutrients into fluids
d. all the above
e. none of the above
all the above:
oxidation
desiccation or water loss
leaching of nutrients into fluids
NSHP, Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, refers to:
a. a problem that is secondary to (caused by) improper nutrition
b. a problem where the parathyroid glands secrete elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to pull calcium out of the bones and into the blood
c. the thyroid gland secreting elevated levels of calcitonin to get rid of excessive calcium via the kidneys
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
a problem that is secondary to (caused by) improper nutrition
a problem where the parathyroid glands secrete elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to pull calcium out of the bones and into the blood
T or F: Feeding standards are based on individuals, not a population, and consider all variables that may alter nutrient needs and utilization
False
T or F: Some trace minerals can vary geographically in the soil, and thus in the crops fed to animals
Truet
Regarding the toxicity of vitamins:
a. Vitamin K is the most toxic vitamin
b. generally, fat soluble vitamins are less likely to cause toxicity than water soluble vitamins
c. vitamins A and D can be toxic if given in excess
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
vitamins A and D can be toxic if given in excess
The following vitamins are fat soluble:
a. folic acid
b. vitamin d
c. thiamin
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
vitamin d
How can animals get access to toxic substances:
a. toxic plants can be in or around the animal’s environment
b. toxic substance can be in the animal’s feed
c. toxic substances can be in water
d. all of the above
all of the above:
toxic plants can be in or around the animal’s environment
toxic substance can be in the animal’s feed
toxic substances can be in water
Regarding Vitamin C:
a. it is a fat-soluble vitamin
b. needs to be given in the diet of rabbits, but not guinea pigs
c. needs to be given in the diet of primates and bats
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
needs to be given in the diet of primates and bats
T or F: The point at which an animal reaches its energy demand or caloric density is a fixed point and does not depend on age, species, or productive function
False
Which of the following statements about intoxication is false:
a. intoxication means a substance must be absorbed and elicit a physiologic response
b. exposure means intoxication
c. oral route of exposure has a relative low rate of absorption
d. most important veterinary toxicants are absorbed by oral or dermal routes
exposure means intoxication
Which of the following are ways to assess the nutritional status of an animal:
a. physical examination
b. nutritional history
c. tissue analysis
d. all of the above
all of the above:
physical examination
nutritional history
tissue analysis
Which of the following is an example of biomagnification:
a. a plant containing a toxin
b. high levels of a trace mineral in the soil
c. mercury in fish
d. lead poisoning
mercury in fish
Regarding forage and roughage:
a. roughage tends to have a high fiber content
b. rapid drying is important for the proper harvesting and storage of forage
c. mineral content is variable
d. all of the above
all of the above:
roughage tends to have a high fiber content
rapid drying is important for the proper harvesting and storage of forage
mineral content is variable
Regarding minerals:
a. the group can be divided into macrominerals and microminerals (also called trace minerals)
b. the most abundant ones in the body are calcium and phosphorus
c. magnesium is important for normal muscle function
d. all the above
e. a and b only
all the above:
the group can be divided into macrominerals and microminerals (also called trace minerals)
the most abundant ones in the body are calcium and phosphorus
magnesium is important for normal muscle function
Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD) syndrome includes:
a. rickets- this usually refers to young growing bones
b. fibrous osteodystrophy- describes bone being replaced by connective tissue
c, osteoporosis- meaning bones with holes in them, or porous bone
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
rickets- this usually refers to young growing bones
fibrous osteodystrophy- describes bone being replaced by connective tissue
Osteoporosis- meaning bones with holes in them or porous bone
T or F: Hunger and appetite are two different terms. Hunger is triggered by a physiological need whereas appetite is triggered by a desire to repeat a pleasant experience
True
Regarding lead (Pb) poisoning:
a. some sources are paint, fuel, batteries, gunshot, and fishing weights
b. cattle, horses, dogs, and birds of prey are most affected
c. anorexia and depression are seen in all species
d. all of the above
all of the above:
some sources are paint, fuel, batteries, gunshot, and fishing weights
cattle, horses, dogs, and birds of prey are most affected
anorexia and depression are seen in all species
Which of the following are true regarding feed consumption:
a. palatability affects the acceptance of feed by an animal
b. most animals don’t care about dust in their feed
c. odor always increases palatability
d. color increases attraction to feed
palatability affects the acceptance of feed by an animal
What part of the nervous system controls short term feed intake:
a. nose
b. hypothalamus
c. thyroid
d. pancreas
hypothalamus
All the following are factors affecting nutrient requirements except:
a. genetics
b. environmental factors
c. coat color
d. breed and species
coat color
Regarding protein concentrates:
a. animal sources tend to have a higher crude protein percent and biological value compared to plant sources
b. milk products are generally good sources of protein
c. sources of amino acids (nitrogen)
d. all of the above
all of the above:
animal sources tend to have a higher crude protein percent and biological value compared to plant sources
milk products are generally good sources of protein
sources of amino acids (nitrogen)
Per USDA:
a. proper freezer and refrigerator temperatures are important
b. while 12 hours is given from food presentation to removal, it is likely to be a shorter time before meat spoils
c. meat should be fed cold but not frozen
d. all the above
e. none of the above
all the above:
proper freezer and refrigerator temperatures are important
while 12 hours is given from food presentation to removal, it is likely to be a shorter time before meat spoils
meat should be fed cold nut not frozen
T or F: Feeding standards are quantitative descriptions of amounts of one or more nutrients needed by animals and should be used and followed very strictly
False
T or F: When feeding animals that eat a predominately fish diet in captivity, thiamine and Vitamin E are two vitamins that are very important to supplement
True
Which of the following statements is correct regarding toxic plants:
a. bracken fern is only toxic to cattle
b. avocado leaves and pits are not toxic
c. oleander contains cardiac glycosides
d. all nightshade species are considered highly toxic
oleander contains cardiac glycosides
Regarding kitchen (commissary) sanitation:
a. it is a USDA violation to use wooden cutting boards
b. USDA requires adequate lighting
c. USDA requires food must be stored to protect against contamination by vermin
d. all the above
e. b and c only
USDA requires adequate lighting
USDA requires food must be stored to protect against contamination by vermin
Indicators that meat may have been thawed and re-frozen include:
a. water or ice buildup on boxes or floor beneath boxes
b. moist, slimy, or discolored wrapping
c. brown meat
d. all the above
e. none of the above
all the above:
water or ice buildup on boxes or floor beneath boxes
moist, slimy or discolored wrapping
brown meat
Which of the following plants contain Pyrrolizidine alkaloids that can cause acute or chronic liver disease:
a. bracken fern
b. fiddleneck
c. avocado
d. oleander
fiddleneck
Regarding feeding standards:
a. per day values are used for exact quantities
b. percentage of a diet is used for ad libitum feeding
c. ME, DE and TDN are all used for energy terminology
d. all the above
all the above:
per day values are used for exact quantities
percentage of a diet is used for ad libitum feeding
ME, DE and TDN are all used for energy terminology
Regarding feed processing:
a. pelleted feed and extruded feed both use cold processing
b. spraying feed decreases palatability
c. chopped forage reduces waste and feed refusal
d. hot processing uses mills to grind dry feedstuff
chopped forage reduces waste and feed refusal
T or F: USDA regulations state that food must be wholesome, palatable, free from contamination, and of sufficient quantity and nutritive value to maintain the animals in good health
True
Essential for blood clotting functions:
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin C
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin E
e. Vitamin K
Vitamin K
Helps people see in dim light:
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin C
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin E
e. Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Required by primates in their diet:
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin C
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin E
e. Vitamin K
Vitamin C
Has powerful antioxidant properties:
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin C
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin E
e. Vitamin K
Vitamin E
A trace mineral needed to make thyroid hormone:
a. Selenium
b. Iron
c. Sodium
d. Copper
e. Iodine
Iodine
A macromineral that is also called an electrolyte and important for nerve impulse:
a. Selenium
b. Iron
c. Sodium
d. Copper
e. Iodine
Sodium
A macromineral important for formation of hemoglobin:
a. Selenium
b. Iron
c. Sodium
d. Copper
e. Iodine
Iron
A trace mineral that interacts with a vitamin as an antioxidant and prevents muscle breakdown:
a. Selenium
b. Iron
c. Sodium
d. Copper
e. Iodine
Selenium
