Q#3 Flashcards
What chromosome translocation is involved in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia?
15 and 17 and 22 and 21.
What are signs of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia?
-Pancytopenia
-DIC, causing bleeding
What is the pathogenesis of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APML)?
How do we treat APML?
The translocation between 15 and 17 leads to disruption of the retinoic acid alpha receptors subunits, ultimately causing the decreased production of retinoic acid, a substance used to help myelocytic cells mature. As a result, myeloblasts proliferate excessively and crowd out the bone marrow, leading to pancytopenia.
Treat APML by giving all-trans retinoic acid.
What are Auer rods?
Why are they important?
What condition are they mostly seen in?
Auer rods are byproducts that come from myeloblasts.
They help us to differentiate between Myeloid vs Lymphoid Leukemias.
Auer rods are mostly seen in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
What is a condition associated with Acute Myelocytic Leukemia (AML)?
DIC
What are the chromosomal translocations in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?
12 and 21 (children)
9 and 22 (adults)
What is the chromosomal translocation in CML?
9 and 22.
What are the two types of ALL?
-B cell ALL - in children or adults (85% of all ALL), depending on the translocations.
-T cell ALL - in teenagers (infiltration of the thymus).
How do patients typically find out that they have Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)?
CML patients are usually aysmptomatic and find out incidentally through routine lab work.
What are symptomatic signs of CML?
What do we see on the bloodwork for CML?
Fatigue, weight loss, bleeding, early satiety/splenomegaly, Left upper quadrant pain and mass.
Increased overall WBC, with increased number of Neutrophils and Basophils. Decreased Leucocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (low activity in mature leukocytes).
What is a major complication of CML?
How do we treat CML?
CML can convert into ALL and AML.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.
What is the pathogenesis of CML?
The translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, causing the production of the Philadelphia chromosome, causing production of unrelenting tyrosine kinase.
What is they typical age for CML?
50-60 years of age.
What is the main difference between Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrosis (TEN)?
The amount of surface area involved - SJS is under 10%; TEN is over 30% SA involved.
How do SJS and TEN present?
They present with desquamative/blistering lesions on the skin and mucosa. The patients also become febrile. The patients almost always have mucosal involvement. Half of patients have ocular involvement.
