Q#1 Flashcards
Describe Lead-time bias.
When we mistakenly think that the survival for a disease increased even though it’s not true. We just got better at screening and identifying the disease earlier.
Describe selection bias.
When a study sample cannot be used to make generalizations about a population. This happens because the sample does not match the demographics of the population or when the sample participants were not assigned to groups randomly.
- Describe procedure bias. *
This will probably never be the answer.
Describe recall bias.
This occurs when patients are asked to remember things about their past that are only really salient after they were exposed to a negative outcome.
What non-pharmacological intervention has the most mortality benefit in patients with COPD?
Continuous oxygen therapy.
What good does lung transplantation do for patients with COPD?
Lung transplants only help with improving the quality of life in patients with COPD. They do now, however, reduce mortality or prolong life of patients with COPD.
What are the indications of continuous oxygen therapy in patients with COPD?
What does it depend on?
*Give continuous O2 to pts with COPD if they:
-Have an O2 sat. (SpO2)of under 88%.
-Have an arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) of under 55 mm Hg.
or
Any signs of right-sided heart failure.
-SpO2 of under 89%.
-PaO2 of under 59 mm Hg.
*It depends on if the patient has signs of right-sided heart failure, such as liver swelling or abdominal swelling, edema, Hct of over 55, etc.
What is the point of putting COPD patients on long-term antibiotic therapy?
Antibiotics such as azithromycin can reduce their recurrence of COPD exacerbations by reducing inflammation chronically, as well as preventing infections.
Describe the anatomy of HOCM?
In HOCM, there is this unequal thickening of the cardiac ventricular septum on the left ventricle side. There is also this lengthening of the mitral valve leaflets. As a result, the mitral valve leaflet and the thickened ventricular septum are super close together and they clash whenever the ventricle contracts, impeding outflow of blood from the heart.
What factors make HOCM worse, in terms of impeding cardiac outflow?
What medications should we avoid giving to patients with HOCM.
-Decreased preload/ventricular volume or increased contractility.
-Avoid giving diuretics, which decrease the preload. Also avoid giving inotropes that increased contractility.
What will make a murmur louder in patients with HOCM?
Decreasing the preload, whereas in all others, this will reduce the sound of a murmur.
How do patients with HOCM present?
Patients with HOCM are typically young (in their 20s and under) who are athletes who have histories of passing out while doing some physical activity. There is usually no warning when they faint.
What are the categories that we monitor for pediatric milestones?
-Gross motor
-Fine motor
-Language
-Cognition
-Social
What is true of premature babies, in terms of pediatric milestones?
We have to adjust their age to determine their milestones until they are two years of age. Then, they are judged just like everyone else.
How do we adjust for age in premature infants?
Their actual age (time after birth) - # of weeks born early.
Premature baby is 9 months. He we was born at 32 weeks. Since he was born 5 weeks early, he is 36 weeks - 5 = 31 weeks.
What are some mnemonics for milestones?
-The # of blocks stacked = age in years X 3.
-Kids can pee at three.
-Kids can speak 2-word sentences at 2-years old.
-Kids can ride a tricycle at three.
-Kids can “hop” on a four square plaything at four.
-Kids can draw a circle at 3 (round-looking number).
-Kids can draw a + at 4 (number has a cross in it).
-Kids can draw a square at 5 years old. (ITDK).
-Kids can draw a triangle at 6 (IDK, the number has 3 in it twice).
What is VaIN?
What occurs in VaIN?
What are risk factors for developing VaIN?
-VaIN stands for Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia.
-In VaIN, the squamous cells become atypical and just build up within the epithelial layer of the tissue.
-Risk factors for VaIN include having HPV (associated with sex) strains 16 and 18 and smoking.
Describe the staging of VaIN.
-VaIN 1 is when the squamous cells that become atypical are from the lower layers of the epithelium.
-VaIN 2 is when the atypical squamous cells are located in the bottom 2/3s of the epithelium.
-VAIN 3 is when the atypical squamous cells fill more than 2/3 of the epithelium and include CARCINOMA INSITU.
