Q 1 - 40 1ST semester Flashcards
- The subject and tasks of physiology, its purpose in medicine. .
–Physiology is a science of body functions. Despite the Tact
that normal physiology studies a healthy body, it is a key, the
most important discipline of medicine.
Without physiology medicine Would be quackery (Quackery
dishonest practice(s), Claude Bernard, said: “Physiology is a
scientific core, on which all sciences are built. In fact, there is
only one science medicine: the science of life or physiology
–its purpose in medicine. . :
its how and what for ( mechanism and regulation )
- Basics of structure of all substances: an atom, a molecule, a nucleus, an electron, a proton, a neutron, an ion.
- All chemicals are composed of Particles
1- Atom : Its the smallest chemical particle of a substance , it consist of positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons
2-molecule : it is an electrically natural set for atom that form a definite structure using chimerical bond ex: water molecule
3-nucleus: Proton which have positive charge ,
4-electron : An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle. It can be either free (not attached to any atom), or bound to the nucleus of an atom
5-proton : A proton is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of every atom. The particle has a positive electrical charge, equal and opposite to that of the electron
6- neutron : neutron is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of every atom except that of simple hydrogen.
7-ion. : ions its charged particles that arise from electrical neutral atom or molecule, it can be positive or negative - its can be negative or positive
positive : its form if an atom or molecule if it loses one electron or more
and its called cations
EX; if potassium loses one electron its becomes K+
negative : its form if atom or molecule attached to electron and its called anions
ex if florin attaches to electron its becomes F-
- Structure of an ion. Examples of ions, most widely distributed in an organism. Rules of theirs chemical formulas writing.
- ions its charged particles that arise from electrical neutral atom or molecule, it can be positive or negative
- its can be negative or positive
positive : its form if an atom or molecule if it loses one electron or more
and its called anions
EX; if potassium loses one electron its becomes K+
negative : its form if atom or molecule attached to electron and its called Cations
ex if florin attaches to electron its becomes F-
– ions may be simple or complex
-simple Ex : sodium , chloride - complex : hydroxyl group , Carbonate , Bicarbonate
»> draw the scheme in PDf 1 Slide 8
- The mechanism of ions association into molecules. Bases and acids.
-A proton, that one that is included in an atomic nucleus, is always
H+ i.e., ionized hydrogen. in the
beginning of a universe there was nothing in it except for ionized
hydrogen. Approximately in this way, molecules can get ionized.
But because molecules are much larger than atoms and have a
more complex structure, in different parts they can have different
charges. That is, in a molecule its different atoms at the same time
can get and loose ions. For example, you see a molecule of glucose.
OH-groups always carry a negative charge, H-groups are always
positive. That’s why a glucose molecule has some properties of an
ion which in its various parts has both positive and negative
charges simultaneously.
- opposite charges attract each other therefore , ions with deferent charges from a molecule
ex: suodium + and chlorein - = ketchin salt
ex2: soduim + and hydrocarbonate - = baking soda
- Sodium + chlorine make = kitchen salt.
Potassium + chlorine is = potassium chloride.
- Strong and weak acids and bases of an organism. Exchange reactions. A hydrocarbonate buffer.
> > > > draw the scheme of basic buffer
-1- Exchange reactions. A hydrocarbonate buffer.
- Acid is sour bcs it has excess of protons
ex : hydrocloric acid one of the strongest acid and its part of the gastric juice
H+ and Cl- = HCL
It constantly dissociates on protons H+ and cl - that’s a in jar with hydrochloric acid in addition TO HCL there are always hydrogen and chlorine ions , it is presence of H+ that’s provide acidic properties , the more there protons , the more acidic is the medium
-2-Strong and weak acids and bases of an organism.
- The alkaline action of hydroxyl anions is so strong that an
organism has specific mechanisms that facilitate conversion
of OH into HCo3-. Hydrocarbonate ions bind protons loose
(but also possess basic properties):
> so carbonic acid is produced it is weak , that’s mean it has weak acidic properties
- Acidic and basic properties of solutions. Antagonism of acids and bases. Acids and bases, most widely distributed in an organism.
- Acid is sour bcs it has excess of protons
- acidity of a solution affects not only of protons contents
also the contents of any other substances which these protons may bind into atoms any anion attracts H+, and in a state of an atom hydrogen does not have acidic properties. The ability to bind H is called “basic property” and substances that make it are called “bases”. That is hydrogen acidifies the medium (reduces
pH) and causes acidosis, and bases reduce acidity (pH increases) and cause alkalosis. The most basic properties have hydroxyl ions - OH-. When interacting with protons they give water - acidity of the medium is expressed by symbol PH
> PH : PH its indicates the number of the protons the high PH its less acidity
> when we consider the solution is acid = if its less 6.0
> when we consider the solution is Basic = its its above the 6.0
> the most acidity in the body and the smallest :
most is the gastric jueis = 1.5 - 2.00
smallest = pancreatic jiues = 8.0
- A hydrocarbonate buffer, its properties. Interaction of a hydrocarbonate buffer with lungs and kidneys activity. Organism’s different fluids pH.
—Kidneys excrete water, lungs - carbon dioxide. All this shifts buffer balance to decrease the number of protons. Therefore, intensive breath or urine formation develops an alkalosis.
— draw the basic buffer
- Electric field properties. The electric current. Ohm’s law.
- 1-
- it always exists around a charged particle;
- invisibility;
- electric fields interact only with electric fields
- vector. that is it has a direction
- it can attract or repel electric particles
- its has the property concentration and heterogeneity
-2– its ohm’s law
I = U/R
I = current intensity : current intensity : is musserd in amperes (A) its chrectrazied the amount of charges passing though the conductor cross section per unite
U= potential difference : is the difference of charges in electrical field . any 2 charges create a potential difference between them , but if the have low magnitudes and situate at great distance from each other the potential difference between them is negligible
R= resistance
- what is the nesscery condition for ohms law to work ?
> its two
R= resistance
U = potential defiance
- Notions of potential difference, electric resistance and conductor. Conducting properties of different tissues and fluids of an organism.
-1-
- Notions of potential difference : is the difference of charges in electrical field . any 2 charges create a potential difference between them , but if the have low magnitudes and situate at great distance from each other the potential difference between them is negligible another DF of the potential difference is : is the strength of an electric filed and is another explanation of the potential difference
- Conductor : is any substance that is able to conduct electricity
meaning it has free charges: electrons or protons or ions. The more
free charges the matter has, the better it
conducts current. ex: water and metal a good conductors
- electric resistance : is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current.
—
-2-
- the cells of , tissue , organs , skin a good conductors bcs they consist of 60% water and skin is the good conductor especially dry skin bcs its has a great resistance and that’s expressed the dielectric properties
- Conditions (some) are necessary to create an electric current.
- Can there be a conductor without an electric current?
- Can there be an electric current without a conductor?
- Can there be an electric current without potential difference?
- Can there be potential difference without an electric current?
1- can there be a conductor without an eclectic current ? > no , there is no electrical filled inside a conductor so no electrical current can flow through it
2- Can there be an electric current without a conductor? > NO , bcs conidiation are necessary to create an electric current is
- availability of the conductor - presence of potential difference
3- Can there be an electric current without potential difference ? No its condition bcs without potetial deffrenice no electrical current Ohm’s law.
4-Can there be potential difference without an electric current? yes , can be voltage without a electrical current for instance if you have a single charge that charge induces a voltage in space even if its empty voltage is most physical way is a scalar filed
- What main questions the physiology answers? Examples. The concept of homeostasis. Fluctuation of homeostatic constants.
-1-
- how and what for
1- mechanism of body function regulation ( how )
ex / how the muscles are contract or how gastric juice is secrets , or how urine formation happened
2- what a propose of regulatory process take place ( what for )
ex/ what for stimulations of cardiac activity happens in stressful situation
and what about breathing decreasing at rest time
-2-
-t he concept of hemostasis or to be more precisely
dynamic homeostasis its relative dynamic constancy of the internal environment
and of some physiological function of humane body and animals
ex for these function / blood circulation , metabolism .
– the function of the hemostats miniating its to hold the internal environment in the holistic organism
-3-
- that’s is change their value in different condition at different kind of influence
, by the impact of external environment
ex / you ate a lot of sugar , glycose concentration in the blood increased
,ex2 / you start running the respiratory rate increased
therefore Rigid and Non-rigid homeostatic indices are marked out
- rigid constant : its changing by small limits ex blood ph 7,35 - 7,43
- non rigid : its changing by half time or several time ex glucose in blood 3,3 - 6,6
- General description of two main organism’s regulatory mechanisms and their levels.
- two of the main organism’s regulatory mechanisms
humoral and Nervous regulations
1- Humoral : is regulation by secretion of substance into the body fluid mediums ( blood , lymph, interstitial fluid
ex /adrenalin though the blood stimulate heart activity
2- Nervous its carried out though central nervous system which implements the reflexes
ex of reflexes / arm withdrawal upon finger prick
head turning towered upon light:
- Notions of irritability and excitability. Rest potential, condition of membrane pumps and channels in it.
-irritability : is the ability to respond to irritation ( or exaction sensation )
under irritability physiologist understand the ability of cell , tissue , organ to respond somehow to irritation
-excitability : is the ability to react to irritation ( or exaction )
excitability is meant a highly specific kind of irritability associated with the ability of cell or tissue to generate action potential (AP)
-rest potential. : - all cells both irritable and excitable have a membrane difference of optional
( electrical charges) this property is common between irritable and excitable tissue called RP
- condition of membrane pumps and channels in RP :
-Pumps : potassium and sodium pumps functions actively pumps the sodium out of the cell and pumps the potassium into the cell .
- Channel’s : potassium channel is open , then potassium passively seeks to leave the cell and also be in outer membrane surface , Chloride channel is open and chloride enter the cell forming negative charge inside the cell , sodium channel is closed
- Kinds of passive transport. Membrane pumps and channels, comparative analysis.
-1- kinds of passive transport
1- diffusion = gradiant ( concentration ) + ( electrochemical )
2- diffusion = gradiant ( electrostatic ) + ( electrochemical )
3-filtaation = gradiant ( hydrostatic )
4- osmosis = gradiant ( osmotic )
1) In presence of a concentration gradient the substance will move through a membrane from a solution with a greater concentration into a solution with a lower concentration (from where there is a lot, to where there is little). Such transport (suction) is called diffusion
2) Movement of charged particles by electrostatic gradient is also called diffusion (or electrostatic diffusion ) the direction of this particles movement is also determined by the charge of the membrane, by electrostatic gradient , + charged particles will move toward the – charge , and – charge – vice versa
3) In the presence of the hydrostatic gradient happens a filtration - from the medium with a higher pressure water passes through the membrane to an environment with a lesser pressure.
4) Osmosis is the movement of water from a solution with a low content of ions into a solution with a higher content of ions (ions attract water). So osmosis goes by ions concentration gradient (or osmotic gradient
————-
-2- membrane pump’s and channels
- pumps : Pump’s conduct ions actively with energy consumption of
adenosine triphosphate(ATP) pumps pass ions actively from a solution where is few of them into solution where a lot of them
we have 2 ( potassium + sodium )
-channels : conducts ions passively without energy costs due to presence of the gradient
gradient : from Latin is walking or growing
its vector indicating the direction of some parameter increasing
we have 3 ( potassium + sodium + chloride )
- Action potential, its curve and condition of membrane pumps and channels in it different phases.
AP : its membrane potential in response to irritation
»» draw the AP curve
we have 3 phases
1 - depolarization
2- repolarization
3- hyperpolarization
- changes in RP leading to AP generation , one of the main condition of AP generation is action of irritant in holistic organism irritant is work from outside the cell , irritation from an external is the triggering moment of generation of AP
1- under the action of exterior irritant the condition of channels and pump’s changes depolarizations start by opened of sodium +channel sodium ( and potassium pumps and sodium pumps is closed )start to enter the cell bringing positive charges with it , then RP membrane changes to opposite this is the first phase , and depolarization is passive process bcs pumps are closed
when depolarization takes a place cells perfumes its specific function
muscles contracts , glandular cells secrets their secretory products , neurons generates and conduct impulses .
2- then what happened for example in depolarization the muscles contract its should be return to rest and that’s what its called Repolarization .
in repolarization phase the pump’s K+ and Na+ are open , and its pump’s the sodium out fast which entered the cell in the depolarization , and they intensively pump’s the potassium in for potassium in the cell is not to much all K+ channels are open through them a lot of potassium goes back to outer surface
and the 3rd phase take place which is hyperpolarization
3- if excess positive charge outside the cell formed that’s mean negative charge in side the cell formed , this exsseceviness called hyperpolarization the potassium and sodium pumps open , potassium channel open , chloride channel open , sodium channel is closed there is much + in outer surface
then the cell returned to RP
- Action potential, its phases and duration. Condition of membrane pumps and channels in different phases of action potential.
- AP occur when the membrane potinale is of specific cells location rapidly rises and falls , this is depolarization then courses adjacent location to similar depolarization and occur in serval types of animal cells called excitable cells which include , neurons cells , macular cells , endocrine cells
- changes in RP leading to AP generation , one of the main condition of AP generation is action of irritant in holistic organism irritant is work from outside the cell , irritation from an external is the triggering moment of generation of AP
1- under the action of exterior irritant the condition of channels and pump’s changes depolarizations start by opened of sodium +channel sodium ( and potassium pumps and sodium pumps is closed )start to enter the cell bringing positive charges with it , then RP membrane changes to opposite this is the first phase , and depolarization is passive process bcs pumps are closed
when depolarization takes a place cells perfumes its specific function
muscles contracts , glandular cells secrets their secretory products , neurons generates and conduct impulses .
2- then what happened for example in depolarization the muscles contract its should be return to rest and that’s what its called Repolarization .
in repolarization phase the pump’s K+ and Na+ are open , and its pump’s the sodium out fast which entered the cell in the depolarization , and they intensively pump’s the potassium in for potassium in the cell is not to much all K+ channels are open through them a lot of potassium goes back to outer surface
and the 3rd phase take place which is hyperpolarization
3- if excess positive charge outside the cell formed that’s mean negative charge in side the cell formed , this exsseceviness called hyperpolarization the potassium and sodium pumps open , potassium channel open , chloride channel open , sodium channel is closed there is much + in outer surface
then the cell returned to RP
– the whole process of AP will take 0.003m/s
