minimum QANDA

Question 1

• what is the physiology , and main two question?

- what is the normal physiology ?

Answer 1

• —- is the study about function regulation
• main two Q: how and what for and there example
• – normal physiology : is since about healthy body function

Question 2

DF of all AP Topic ?

Answer 2

1- Irritability : is the ability of cell , tissue , organ to respond to irritation
2-excitability : special kind of irritability associated with generation of AP
3-local current : its electrical current that excite in the slow depolarization of membrane where other irritation doesn’t act
4-local respond : incomplete recharge or membrane in place of sub-threshold irritation
5-threshold : minimum strength able to cues generation of AP
6-pumps : conducts ion actively with consumption of ATP
7-channels : conduct ions passively without energy due to presence of any gradiant
8-Total AP : Ap with total Depolarizations
9-Ap : membrane potential in response to irritation
10-Rp : membrane charge at rest
11-Dp : the charge entering the cell
12-replarazation :return of membrane potanital to rest potanatil
13-hyperpo :acculomation of exssive charge on outer surface of the membrane due to K+

Question 3

draw the AP phases and curve

Answer 3

Did u do it correctly ?

Question 4

draw the reflex arc (3 of them ) DF of reflex’s Ex

Answer 4

> > > > > > > draw

|&raquo_space;» DF of reflexs : A reflex is a response of an organism mediated through the central nervous system

Question 5

explain the Syns

Answer 5

—- Responsible For : fight or flight
— orgin : T1 to L4 segments
– mediators ( neuro transmitters ) :
1-acetyl choline in the 2nd motorneuorn ,
2-noraladrenaline in the effector
— receptors :
1- N-cholino receptor in the 2nd motor neuron
2-adrinoginic receptor (a,b) on the effector
– ganglia : near the spinal cord in the sympathetic trunk
-Pre-ganglionic neuron : short
-Post-ganglionic neuron : Long
—Effect :
1-Eye : duliation
2-bronchis relaxtion
3- heart : incressed in strength and rate

Question 6

explain the PNS :

Answer 6

—- Responsible For : Rest and digest
— orgin : 3.7.9.10 carinal nerves , S1-S3 segments
– mediators ( neuro transmitters ) :
1-acetyl - choline (Ach) in the 2nd motorneuron and effector
— receptors :
1- N-cholino receptor in the 2nd motor neuron
2- M-cholino receptor in the effector
– ganglia :into the organ
-Pre-ganglionic neuron : long
-Post-ganglionic neuron : Short
—Effect :
1-Eye : contraction
2-bronchis contraction
3- heart : decrease in strength and rate

Question 7

classification of stimulus

Answer 7

stimulus classification

• 1- classification by nature : chemical,electrical,mechanical,thermal
• 2-classification by strength : weak , strong , very strong - but in conventional way , sub-threshold, threshold , supra-threshold

Question 8

blood value general

Answer 8

—–general blood test ( common parameters )
Hematocrit = 40-45%
Erythrocytes (male) = 4.0-5.5·1012/l
Erythrocytes (female) = 3.7-4.9·1012/l
Leukocytes = 4.0-9.0·109/l
Platelets = 180-320·109/l
Hemoglobin, Hb (male) = 130-170 g/l
Hemoglobin, Hb (female) = 120-150 g/l
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR (male) = 1-10 mm/h
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR (female) = 2-15 mm/h

Question 9

Basic parameters of biochemical blood tests (1)

Answer 9

-----Basic parameters of biochemical blood tests
Water =900-920 g/l
Total protein Proteins in fractions:=65-85 g/l
1. Albumins=35-50 g/l
2. Globulins=20-30 g/l
– α1- globulins=1-3g/l
– α2- globulins=5-9g/l
– β- globulins=6-9g/l
– γ- globulins=8-13g/l
3. Fibrinogen=2-4g/l
Total  bilirubin =8.5-20.5 мkmol/L
VLDL = 0.2-1.5 mmol/L
LDL =<4.5 mmol/L
HDL=>1.0 mmol/L
Triglycerides (lipids)=0.45-2.5 mmol/L
Glucose =3.3-5.5 mmol/L

Question 10

DF of Blood system , Serum ,Peripheral blood, hematocrit,

Answer 10

-Blood : liquid body medium which is considered a type of conjunctive tissue.
- Blood system : a repository blood (which excluded of the total blood flow in blood depots).
-Peripheral blood is the one that is in blood vessels and depots.
Its main parts: plasma and formed elements
Plasma 55%
formed element 45%. : Formed elements:
1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) = 4.5–5.51012 pieces/liter.
2. Leukocytes = 4–9109 /liter.
3. Platelets = 200–300*109 /liter.
- hematocrit is the volume of blood that falls on the share of formed elements. It equals 40-45% and shows the amount of formed elements of the total mass of blood
– serum : plsama , devoid of fibrinogen is called serum , the main main clinical value of which is determined by the presence of antibodies in it.

Question 11

biochemcial parameter of the blood

Answer 11

Sodium+=135-150 mmol/L
Potassium+=3.5-5.0 mmol/L
Magnesium2+=0.7-1.2 mmol/L
Chlorine–=95-110 mmol/L
Hydrogen сarbonate–=20-30 mmol/L
Free calcium2+=1.15-1.3 mmol/L
Total calcium =2.25-2.75 mmol/L
Protein anions–=15-20 mmol/L
Residual nitrogen =14-28 mmol/L
Uric acid=0.15-0.5 mmol/L
 Phosphorus=1-2 mmol/L

Copper=11-24 mcmol/l
Free (nonheme) iron=12-32 mcmol/l
Ammonia=7-30 mcmol/l (up to 40 mcmol/l)
Creatinine=40-110 mcmol/l