Pyschology Memory and cognitive

Question 0

Advantages of correlation for correlational analysis?

Answer 0

Allows to identify relationships and then INVESTIGATE them

Strength of relationship between 2 variables

Question 1

Who came up with the multi store model of memory

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shriffin

Question 2

Weakness of correlational analysis

Answer 2

Cannot claim cause and effect

Not useful for data which produces non linear relationships

Question 3

Describe the features of the MSMM

Answer 3

• Consists of sensory memory, STM and LTM
• sensory memory has echoic hearing usually lasts 7 seconds and iconic which is half a second
• STM lasts 20 seconds can usually remember 7+/- 2 items
• LTM last infinite can hold infinite

Question 4

What does operationalising variables mean?

Answer 4

Narrow down focus on research

Question 5

Describe sound matters by Conrad in (1964)

Answer 5

String of letters on screen acoustically similar or different
Errors made on similar

Question 6

Outline the main features of the MSMM

Answer 6

Structural model
Unitary stores
Info from store to store in linear

Question 7

Who came up with the WMM

Answer 7

Baddely and hitch

Question 8

What are the Main components of the WMM

Answer 8

Phonological loop, Visio spatial sketchpad and central executive

Question 9

How to answer a 12 mark question on msmm

Answer 9

• Describe model, processes of attention and rehearsal, stores capacity and encoding and duration (6AO1)
• 3 evaluation points eg primary and recency (showing the words then 30 seconds) amnesia (clive wearing) and kf(long term memory normal but stm damaged however could still learn skills)

Question 10

Evaluating the WMM

Answer 10

Baddely et al (1975) word length effect more single syllable words remembered
Baddely and hitch done the asking people to use visio spatial sketch pad either separately or at the same time saw that it impaired when at the same time
Pet scan by paulescu et al showed that differen parts of brain used at verbal or visual tasks

Question 11

Studies for effects of anxiety on EWT

Answer 11

Yuille and cutshall - 13 people who witnessed a murder and attempted murder and those closer saw better
Peters- injection health centre and asked to recall. Urse and researcher one week later
Loftus- weapons focus participants in waiting room then man with knife or pen and man with pen more readily recognised

Question 12

What are the steps involved in a cognitive interview

Answer 12

Report everything
Context reinstatement
Recall from changed perspective
Recall in reverse order

Question 13

What is fishers advanced cognitive interview rules

Answer 13

Minimise distractions
User friendly language
Avoid judgements
Open ended questions
Avoid interruption
Pause after each response

Question 14

What are some techniques to improve memory

Answer 14

Narrative chaining: turning key features into a story

Method of loci: familiar journey and pegging certain items to familiar landmarks

Question 15

What is the problem with random sampling?

Answer 15

When you pick someone randomly they may not be able to take part so you have to pick another person rendering the sample not as random

Question 16

What is opportunity sampling and how’s it different to random sampling?

Answer 16

Opportunity sampling is when you get participants whenever they are able to take part for example standing at a doorway. However this is different from random sampling because not everybody has a chance to be chosen. Also it may be a bit of a biased sample

Question 17

What are the advantages of a lab experiment?

Answer 17

• Allow us to establish cause and effect
• if appropriate care is taken when doing the experiment it allows the experiment to be replicated
• Variables are easier to control

Question 18

What are the disadvantages of a lab experiment?

Answer 18

• May have investigator effects and demand characteristics

- Lacks ecological validity

Question 19

What are the advantages of field experiment?

Answer 19

Greater ecological validity

Question 20

What are weaknesses Ifield experiment?

Answer 20

There is less control of extraneous variables

More time-consuming and expensive

Question 21

What are advantages of a natural experiment?

Answer 21

• High ecological validity
• Few demand characteristics and reduced researcher bias
• Allows researcher to study real-life problems

Question 22

What are weaknesses of the natural experiment?

Answer 22

• Little control over extraneous variables and you cannot claim cause and effect
• Opportunities occur rarely and when they do they cannot be replicated
• Possibilities for confounding variables are endless

Question 23

In a questionnaire what is a closed question?

Answer 23

These questions give limited responses from participants and are very good at generating quantitative data Which is easy to analyse

Question 24

What is an open question?

Answer 24

Where participants are given the opportunity to respond more freely. This generates qualitative data which is harder to understand but has Richer information

Question 25

The effect of age on eyewitness testimony

Studies

Answer 25

Kent & Yuille(accuracy)

Geiselman & Padilla (accuracy)

Question 26

What did Kent and Yuille find and what supports it?

Answer 26

-Kent & Yuille asked children to identify from a set of photographs a person they had seen earlier.
-They found that 9 year old children were far more likely than 14 year olds to identify someone from the photo set even when not present - in other words younger children were less likely to say that the person they had seen earlier was not present in the photo set.
SUPPORTED
- earlier research that showed children as young as 5 correctly identify people they had seen earlier, and so it is not a problem with children’s memories-but it is more likely that they feel less able to admit to an adult that they cannot do the task

Question 27

What did geisalman find?

Answer 27

children were far less accurate when reporting events of a filmed bank robbery than adults, however other research has failed to find much of a difference between adults and children, especially when free recall rather than structured interview is used

Question 28

What did ceci and bruck find?

Answer 28

• A biased interviewer can cause children to change their memories through use of leading questions repeated questioning often -results in children changing their stories as it suggests to them that they are wrong
• stereotypes can be introduced so children will report actions in a negative way about a person they are told is ‘bad’;
• children often incorporate things their peers tell them in to they memories, their imaginations may take over and they will recall fictitious events.

Question 29

The effect of anxiety on eyewitness testimony studies

Answer 29

Loftus
Peters
Yuille and cutshall

Question 30

What did loftus do?

Answer 30

Two conditions
Participants outside waiting room in both conditions heard a crash and a bang
One group got a man coming out holding a bloody knife and the other an inky pen
participants were later asked to identify the man from a set of 50 photographs
49% correctly identified the man holding the pen, 33% could identify the man with the bloodstained knife.
WEAPONS EFFECT

Question 31

What did Yuille and cutshall find?

Answer 31

13 witnesses to real life shooting outside store when owner injured and thief dead
Witnesses closer to even gave more detail; however all witnesses gave accurate recalls months later
Seemingly unaffected by misleading questions
More anxiety better recall