Pyschology Memory and cognitive Flashcards
Advantages of correlation for correlational analysis?
Allows to identify relationships and then INVESTIGATE them
Strength of relationship between 2 variables
Who came up with the multi store model of memory
Atkinson and Shriffin
Weakness of correlational analysis
Cannot claim cause and effect
Not useful for data which produces non linear relationships
Describe the features of the MSMM
- Consists of sensory memory, STM and LTM
- sensory memory has echoic hearing usually lasts 7 seconds and iconic which is half a second
- STM lasts 20 seconds can usually remember 7+/- 2 items
- LTM last infinite can hold infinite
What does operationalising variables mean?
Narrow down focus on research
Describe sound matters by Conrad in (1964)
String of letters on screen acoustically similar or different
Errors made on similar
Outline the main features of the MSMM
Structural model
Unitary stores
Info from store to store in linear
Who came up with the WMM
Baddely and hitch
What are the Main components of the WMM
Phonological loop, Visio spatial sketchpad and central executive
How to answer a 12 mark question on msmm
- Describe model, processes of attention and rehearsal, stores capacity and encoding and duration (6AO1)
- 3 evaluation points eg primary and recency (showing the words then 30 seconds) amnesia (clive wearing) and kf(long term memory normal but stm damaged however could still learn skills)
Evaluating the WMM
Baddely et al (1975) word length effect more single syllable words remembered
Baddely and hitch done the asking people to use visio spatial sketch pad either separately or at the same time saw that it impaired when at the same time
Pet scan by paulescu et al showed that differen parts of brain used at verbal or visual tasks
Studies for effects of anxiety on EWT
Yuille and cutshall - 13 people who witnessed a murder and attempted murder and those closer saw better
Peters- injection health centre and asked to recall. Urse and researcher one week later
Loftus- weapons focus participants in waiting room then man with knife or pen and man with pen more readily recognised
What are the steps involved in a cognitive interview
Report everything
Context reinstatement
Recall from changed perspective
Recall in reverse order
What is fishers advanced cognitive interview rules
Minimise distractions User friendly language Avoid judgements Open ended questions Avoid interruption Pause after each response
What are some techniques to improve memory
Narrative chaining: turning key features into a story
Method of loci: familiar journey and pegging certain items to familiar landmarks
What is the problem with random sampling?
When you pick someone randomly they may not be able to take part so you have to pick another person rendering the sample not as random
What is opportunity sampling and how’s it different to random sampling?
Opportunity sampling is when you get participants whenever they are able to take part for example standing at a doorway. However this is different from random sampling because not everybody has a chance to be chosen. Also it may be a bit of a biased sample
What are the advantages of a lab experiment?
- Allow us to establish cause and effect
- if appropriate care is taken when doing the experiment it allows the experiment to be replicated
- Variables are easier to control
What are the disadvantages of a lab experiment?
- May have investigator effects and demand characteristics
- Lacks ecological validity
What are the advantages of field experiment?
Greater ecological validity
What are weaknesses Ifield experiment?
There is less control of extraneous variables
More time-consuming and expensive
What are advantages of a natural experiment?
- High ecological validity
- Few demand characteristics and reduced researcher bias
- Allows researcher to study real-life problems
What are weaknesses of the natural experiment?
- Little control over extraneous variables and you cannot claim cause and effect
- Opportunities occur rarely and when they do they cannot be replicated
- Possibilities for confounding variables are endless
In a questionnaire what is a closed question?
These questions give limited responses from participants and are very good at generating quantitative data Which is easy to analyse
What is an open question?
Where participants are given the opportunity to respond more freely. This generates qualitative data which is harder to understand but has Richer information
The effect of age on eyewitness testimony
Studies
Kent & Yuille(accuracy)
Geiselman & Padilla (accuracy)
What did Kent and Yuille find and what supports it?
-Kent & Yuille asked children to identify from a set of photographs a person they had seen earlier.
-They found that 9 year old children were far more likely than 14 year olds to identify someone from the photo set even when not present - in other words younger children were less likely to say that the person they had seen earlier was not present in the photo set.
SUPPORTED
- earlier research that showed children as young as 5 correctly identify people they had seen earlier, and so it is not a problem with children’s memories-but it is more likely that they feel less able to admit to an adult that they cannot do the task
What did geisalman find?
children were far less accurate when reporting events of a filmed bank robbery than adults, however other research has failed to find much of a difference between adults and children, especially when free recall rather than structured interview is used
What did ceci and bruck find?
- A biased interviewer can cause children to change their memories through use of leading questions repeated questioning often -results in children changing their stories as it suggests to them that they are wrong
- stereotypes can be introduced so children will report actions in a negative way about a person they are told is ‘bad’;
- children often incorporate things their peers tell them in to they memories, their imaginations may take over and they will recall fictitious events.
The effect of anxiety on eyewitness testimony studies
Loftus
Peters
Yuille and cutshall
What did loftus do?
Two conditions
Participants outside waiting room in both conditions heard a crash and a bang
One group got a man coming out holding a bloody knife and the other an inky pen
participants were later asked to identify the man from a set of 50 photographs
49% correctly identified the man holding the pen, 33% could identify the man with the bloodstained knife.
WEAPONS EFFECT
What did Yuille and cutshall find?
13 witnesses to real life shooting outside store when owner injured and thief dead
Witnesses closer to even gave more detail; however all witnesses gave accurate recalls months later
Seemingly unaffected by misleading questions
More anxiety better recall
