A2 PSYCH

Question 1

WHAT ARE SOME STUDIES TO SUPPORT CBT TO TREAT SCHIZOPHRENIA

DRURY, GOULD, KUIPERS

Answer 1

gould et al-meta analysis and 7 of the studies had significant decrease in +symptoms post treatment
drury et al-25-50% of patients had better chance of recovery with CBT
kuipers; support for drury as lower drop out rates

Question 2

WHAT ARE SOME STUDIES TO GO AGAINST CBT FOR SCHIZ

KINGDEN + KIRSCHEN

Answer 2

-many patients found unsuitable as they wont be able to engage with therapy e.g the elderly or those with acute symptoms which distorts research findings making it look more effective than it is

Question 3

WHAT IS FAMILY INTERVENTIONS THERAPY

Answer 3

therapy for families of ppl with schiz derived from the idea ppl with HEE families (- or +) bring on schiz episodes
teaches families about illness and makes them ‘normal’
emphasis of inclusion and coping skills

Question 4

WHAT IS SOME SUPPORT FOR FAM INTERVENTIONS(PHAROAH)

Answer 4

pharoah et al- meta analysis and those with f.i. had less relapse rates and hospital admission

Question 5

WHAT IS AN ISSUE WITH F.I.T

Answer 5

only works if you have a close knit family hence studies on it may be biased

Question 6

WHAT ARE THE 3 FORMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY FOR SCHIZ

Answer 6

CBT
family interventions therapy
social skills training

Question 7

DESCRIBE BANDURAS THEORY AND STUDY FOR RESEARCH INTO MEDIA INFLUENCES ON AGG BEHAVIOUR

Answer 7

theory-children observe and imitate actions of media models, increases with relatability
48 girls+ 48 boys into 3 groups and 1 control group. 1, watched a live model become aggressive towards the Bobo doll.
2, watched a film version of the human model become aggressive to the Bobo doll
3 watched a cartoon version of a cat become aggressive towards the Bobo doll. .
Following this the groups of children were then individually placed in a room with an experimenter + exposed to a mildly frustrating situation to elicit aggression. Next the children were allowed to play freely in an adjoining room, which had toy, the Bobo doll and “weapons”
The researchers observed the children and noted any interaction with the Bobo doll.
-

Question 8

WHAT WERE THE FINDINGS OF THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT

Answer 8

children who had been exposed to the aggressive behavior,in each group had nearly 2x the aggressive behavior than control group.
boys exhibited more overall aggression than girls. The results of this experiment shed light on how influential media can be on children and their behavior.

Question 9

WHAT STUDIES SUPPORT VIOLENCE INCREASED BY MEDIA

Answer 9

parke et al; young offenders insitution
boys from diff cottages two groups of tv violent and non violent; observed by staff and found + aggression in violent DV
belson; boys questioned on tv viewing habits over the 10 years + found more aggressive tv = more aggresion

Question 10

WHAT STUDIES DO NOT SUPPORT MEDIA INFLUENCES AGG

Answer 10

charlton; children in remote village watched tv for the first time and agg rating measured before and after viewing and no diff found

Question 11

WHAT ARE THE 4 PSYCH EXPLANATIONS FOR MEDIA INFLUENCES ON SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

Answer 11

observational learning; children watch and copy if admiration occurs and more likely if they can identify with them
cognitive priming: activation of pre existing violence, children watch and save scripts supported by Josephson with the hockey (look at)
desensitisation
lower physiological arousal

Question 12

WHAT ARE SOME STUDIES FOR VIDEO GAMES AND AGGRESSION

Answer 12

anderson; person blasted opponent with white noise longer and rated themselvs higher aggresive when playing a violent game vs those who didnt
gentile +stone; short term increase in physiological arousal hostile feelings and agg behavior after v videogames compared to non v
anderson et al; 430 pp’s aged 7-9 2 points over the year and those who played v videogames more aggressive

Question 13

WHAT DOES THE HOVLAND YALE MODEL FOCUS ON AND EXPLAIN IT

Answer 13

who said what to whom
the source; better if expert and attractive the more attractive the more persuasive(petty and cacioppo)
the message; fear appeals, moderate fear best putwain and symes done classroom fear and only positive when offering advice
the audience; younger ppl more susceptible

Question 14

WHAT DOES THE ELM SAY

Answer 14

two routes to persuasion central route and peripheral route; central more message focused and peripheral more picture and context based petty and cacioppo; some people have high need for cognition and a low need for cognition

Question 15

HOW CAN YOU APPLY THE ELM

Answer 15

263 taiwanese students asked to purchase phone and those with HNC purchased based more on quality rather than quantity of reviews
health campaigns

Question 16

EVALUATE THE HOVLAND YALE MODEL

Answer 16

celeb endorsements not always the best as sometimes they can overshadow the product and ppl remember them instead (hume) and sometimes seen as unbelievable (o mahoney and meenaghan)
fear appeals do work; drug campaign in australia used to persuade ppl not to use crystal meth using explicit images and consequences (moderate fear) however emphasised choice; previously done with marajuana and 78% said they changed opinion of drugs
gender bias- women more likely ro be persuaded due to social conformity however women more likely to be persuaded on male subjects and vice versa

Question 17

EVALUATE THE ELM

Answer 17

peripheral route temporary; earvin magic johnson came out with HIV+ but before he came out 0% offered to help AIDS student with project and after 83% did however four months later this was back down again (penner and fritsche)
peripheral route taken on less important matters

Question 18

WHAT ARE THE EXPLANATIONS FOR THE PERSUASIVENESS OF TELEVISION ADVERTISING

Answer 18

-hard sell and soft sell; hard sell central route with facts etc whereas soft cell more peripheral and more persuasive on people with high self monitoring standards compared to low self monitoring
-product endorsement giles said said celebs are trustworthy because of a parasocial relationship
-pester power; children persuaded easily and so ask parents for things from tv (pine and nash)
congruence- adverts have the same type of content as the program that was shown b4 it
sex and violence; sex captures attention in adverts which may increase sales howver brand recall poorer for sexual adverts than neutral ones (alden)

Question 19

WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF ATTRACTION TO THE CELEBRITY

Answer 19

parasocial relationships
absorption-addiction model
religiosity

Question 20

EXPLAIN THE ABSORPTION ADDICTION MODEL

Answer 20

mcutcheon said people worship because of dissatisfaction in real life relationships
3 types of worship known as entertainment social, intense personal and borderline pathological
of 372 ppl aged 18-47 15% entertainment social, 5% intense personal and 2% bp

Question 21

EXPLAIN RELIGIOSITY

Answer 21

humans have a fundamental need to worship and there is a link between decline in religion and rise in celeb worship (shumaker)
houran et al;non religious ppl more interested than religious in celebs supported by maltby as religiosity increased celeb worship decreased

Question 22

WHAT IS NEOPHILIA AND RESEARCH TO SUPPORT IT AND GO AGAINST IT

Answer 22

love of novelty and humans have used novelty to attract one another in the stone age and extension of this is why we love celebs
-miller said natural selection favours smart whereas sexual selection favours novelty
-duck found that the main reason for relationship failure was boredom and partners who are more imaginative and creative has longer relationships
-darwin neophilia was important in animal mating and bird songs as females looked for birds with the best song HOWEVER cannot be generalised to humans as we have more complex cognitions and in animals it indicates health
-doesnt explain reality stars attraction
is deterministic
reductionist
cultural bias

Question 23

HOW IS CELEB GOSSIP AN EVO EXPLANATION

Answer 23

we gossip to form social bonds, maintain and form alliances and find out about potential mates and construct and manipulate reputations (debacker) barkow suggested that we regard celebs as part of social group from mere exposure
debacker support; 800pps all saw gossip as a useful way of acquiring info of social group members however self report and social desirability
reductionist and cultural bias
women are selectors and so should gossip more