PVD

Question 1

Definition

Answer 1

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), also known as peripheral artery disease (PAD), is a condition in which there is narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels outside of the heart, most commonly in the legs and feet. This can result in reduced blood flow and oxygen to the affected tissues, which can cause pain, weakness, and other symptoms

Question 2

Aetiology/ causes

Answer 2

The most common cause of peripheral vascular disease is atherosclerosis, a build-up of fatty deposits and plaque in the arteries that can narrow or block the blood flow.

Blood clots
Inflammation
Injury to the blood vessels.

Question 3

Risk factors

Answer 3

Smoking
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Obesity
Family history of the condition
A sedentary lifestyle.

Aging is also a risk factor, as the risk of developing PVD increases with age

Question 4

Epidemiology/ Population affected

Answer 4

Peripheral vascular disease is a common condition, particularly in older adults.

It is estimated to affect up to 20% of people over the age of 70.

The condition is also more common in people with a history of smoking, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease.

Question 5

Clinical presentation

Answer 5

Pain
Cramping, or numbness in the legs or feet during activity (intermittent claudication)

Sores or wounds on the feet or legs that heal slowly and decreased hair growth on the legs and feet.

In severe cases, PVD can cause pain at rest, non-healing wounds, and even tissue loss or gangrene

Question 6

Prognosis

Answer 6

With appropriate treatment, most people with peripheral vascular disease can manage their symptoms and prevent complications.

Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, controlling blood pressure and cholesterol, and increasing physical activity.

Medications such as aspirin or blood thinners may be used to reduce the risk of blood clots, and procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery may be necessary in severe cases.

Without treatment, peripheral vascular disease can lead to serious complications such as chronic pain, infections, and amputations

Question 7

DDX

Answer 7

Deep vein thrombosis [DVT]
Arterial embolism
Atherosclerosis
Raynaud’s disease