PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Flashcards
9 Critical Feature of Communication
Involves Participants
Process
Transactional
Symbolic
Intentional
Pervasive
Cultural
Contextual
Dynamic
refers to the process of sharing information between/ among participants.
Communication
refers to the technical means to carry out the process.
Communications-
5 Elements of Communication
Sender
Receiver
Message
Channel
Feedback
is the originator or the source of the message / information.
Sender-
refers to the intended recipient of the message communicated or sent by the reader.
Receiver-
is a transmissible combination of information. It serves as a link, which connects both the sender and the receiver towards meaningful understanding.
Message-
is the medium used by the receiver to transmit the idea after being encoded into a message.
Channel-
is the reaction or response of the receiver, which is communicated to the sender.
Feedback-
It often stems from a misalignment of explicit and implicit meaning between the sender and receiver.
It is the failure to communicate adequately or not being able to express ideas or thoughts correctly..
Miscommunication
It includes homogenization (according to critics)
Globalization
It enhances connection and interdependence.
Globalization
Virtual Interaction.
Impact of Globalization
4 Impact of Globalization
Virtual Interaction.
Cultural Difference and Intercultural Understanding
Informatization
Time Difference.
4 Dimensions of Globalization
Social
Cultural
Political
Economic
It is the way we do things.
Defining Culture
It is a binding force.
Defining Culture
It is the way we live, behave, and show ourselves.
Defining Culture
It includes customs and civilization.
Defining Culture
It is a lens used to view the world.
Defining Culture
It emphasizes an agreement.
Defining Cultures
5 Characteristics of Cultures
Learned
Shared
Cumulative
Dynamic
Diverse
This approach is commonly associated with Geert Hofstede (1984, 1988 & 2001), as described in Schermerhorn and Bachrach (2017). He explored national cultures through the identification of five different dimensions, which are:
Dimensions of Culture
6 Dimensions of Culture
Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Individualism - Collectivism
Masculinity - Feminity
Time Orientation
Indulgent - Restraint
This is the degree a society accepts or rejects the unequal distribution of power in organizations and society. In high power distance cultures, age, status and titles influence the level of respect to be given.
- Power Distance
This is the degree a society tolerates or is uncomfortable with risk, change, and situational uncertainty. In high uncertainty avoidance cultures, such as France or Japan, one would expect to find a preference for structure, order and predictability.
- Uncertainty Avoidance
This is the degree to which a society emphasizes an individual’s accomplishments and self-interest, versus the accomplishments and interests of groups. In Hofstede’s data, the United States had the highest individualism score of any country.
- Individualism-Collectivism
This is the degree a society values assertiveness and materialism versus feelings, relationships, and quality of life. You might think of it as a tendency to emphasize stereotypical masculine or feminine traits and attitudes towards gender roles. Visitors to Japan, with the highest masculinity score in Hofstede’s research, will probably notice how restricted career opportunities can be for women.
- Masculinity-Feminity
This is the degree to which a society emphasises short-term or long-term goals. Americans are notorious for being impatient and wanting quick, even instant gratification.
- Time Orientation
An indulgent society is one which values the satisfaction of human needs and desires; a restrained society sees the value in curbing ones’ desires and
- Indulgent-Restraint
It is being able to communicate with the members of your local area. It can either be in your local language (mother tongue), or a common language that you speak within your town.
Local Communication
It is the term used to describe ways to connect, share, relate and mobilize across geographic, political, economic, social, and cultural divides.
Global Communication
It refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups.
Multicultural
It deals with the comparison of different cultures.
Cross- Cultural Communication
It describes communities in which there is a deep understanding and respect for all cultures.
Intercultural Communication
11 Issues in Cross- Cultural
Generalization
Stereotypes
Anxiety
Assuming similarity instead of difference.
Perception
Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Shock
Culture Lag
Culture Survival
Culture Variation
This refers to the aim of understanding and taking account of the societal and cultural factors involved in gender-based exclusion and discrimination in the most diverse spheres of public and private life..
Gender- Sensitive Language
This is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.
Political Correctness
6 examples of Political Correctness
Ugly
Drug Addict
Broken Home
Poor
Old
Prisoner
High-context cultures (Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, American-Indian) leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through context, nonverbal cues, and between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said.
By contrast, low-context cultures (most Germanic and English-speaking countries) expect messages to be explicit and specific.
High - Context vs. Low Context
In __________ cultures (like North American, English, German, Swedish, and Dutch), business people give full attention to one agenda item after another.
Sequential
In ___________ cultures (including South America, southern Europe and Asia) the flow of time is viewed as a sort of circle, with the past, present, and future all interrelated. This viewpoint influences how organizations in those cultures approach deadlines, strategic thinking, investments, developing talent from within, and the concept of “long-term” planning
Synchronic
Members of neutral cultures do not telegraph their feelings, but keep them carefully controlled and subdued.
In cultures with high affect, people show their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling, and sometimes crying, shouting, or walking out of the room.
Affective Vs Neutral
It is a tool for communication.
Language
It is fundamental aspect of cultural expression.
Language
It is mostly maintained in the form of a dialogue.
Spoken Language
It is characterized by the insertion into the utterance of words without any meaning.
Spoken Language
It utilizes the human voice and all kinds of gestures.
Spoken Language
The writer bears a greater volume of responsibility than its spoken counterpart.
Written Language
It is carefully organized and more explanatory, more often the word choice is more deliberate. .
Written Language
4 types of Model of English Learning
ENL
ESL
EFL
EIL
_______________, these are native speakers born in an English-speaking country, having then this language as their mother tongue or first tongue.
ENL: English as a native language
____________________ these are the non-native speakers who have learnt English almost at the same time as their mother tongue.
.
ESL: English as a second language,
________________ these are the non-native speakers who learnt English in a country where English is not usually spoken.
EFL: English as a foreign language,
_________________ English is arguably the world’s common language for science, business, tourism and communication. .
EIL: English as an International Language
The ________ is made up the traditional bases of English and its speakers are the ones in charge of providing the norms.
Inner Circle
The ______________ represents the places where they speak official non-native varieties of English because of their colonial history
Outer Circle
The ___________is made up by EFL speakers where English is not usually spoken. In this circle the speakers have to follow the rules established by the Inner Circle and developed or challenged by the Outer one.
Expanding Circle
It refers to any variant of a language which can be sufficiently delimited from one another. This covers subcategories of a language, including dialect, register, jargon, and idiolect.
Language Varieties
Type of Lects (4)
Regional Dialect
Sociolect
Ethnolect
Idiolect
A variety spoken in a particular region.
Regional Dialect
Also known as a social dialect, a variety of language used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group, or any other social group.
Sociolect
A lect spoken by a specific ethnic group
Ethnolect
This is the language or languages spoken by each individual
Idiolect
A simplified form of a language used by a non-native speaker. It develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but don’t share a common language
Pidgin
Simplifying different language and mixing into a new different form. When children start learning a pidgin as their first language and it becomes the mother tongue of a community
Creole
Is a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country.
Regional Dialect
Sometimes members of a particular minority ethnic group have their own variety which they use as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety
Minority Dialect
Spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations
Indigenized Varieties
Defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. It is used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed
Register
3 types of Register
Formal Language Register
Informal Language Register
Neutral Language Register
It is more appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or a stranger
Formal Language Register
It (also called casual or intimate) is conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well.
Informal Language Register
It is non- emotional and sticks to facts
Neutral Language Register
Are patters of speaking characterized by distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, intent, participants, and grammatical structures. Speech styles perform these functions, they can interchangeably called REGISTERS
Speech Styles
5 different types of speech styles
Intimate Speech style
Casual Speech style
Consultative Speech style
Formal Speech style
Frozen Speech style
It is used among intimate members of the family, lovers, or close friends who do not need a complete language with clear articulation
Intimate speech style
It is the most common speech style used among friends and co-workers
Casual Speech style
It is best used for business and professional relationship
Consultative Speech style
It is characterized by sharing of information using established professional rules, standard English, processes and procedures
Formal Speech style
It is the most formal speech style that is usually used in formal contexts such as speech for state ceremonies, court proceedings, religious rituals like weddings, Eucharistic prayer, and liturgies at church
Frozen Speech Style
Related to ethnography, the description and structural- functional analysis of society and culture with the “Language” a cultural behavior that navigates and helps to share everything acquired by man as a member of society
Ethnography of Speaking
Is a group of speakers who share at least one communicative variety and the norms for its appropriate use. It is usually circumscribed geoprahically
Speech Community
Is any social situation in which speech is an element. Most human interactions category involve speech
Speech Situation
It is the basic unit for analysis communicative interaction in speech communities. Speech events are social events which are carried out through communicative means, especially speech
Speech Event
The smallest element of communication. It may consist of sentences or phrases, usually grouped in pairs called Adjacency Pairs
Speech Act
- According to Hymes, Culture is the knowledge which members in a community share and it is the basis of behaviors, which brings to behaviors certain meanings.
Hymes “The Speaking Model”
The ‘S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G” Model (Hymes)
Setting
Participants
Ends
Act Sequence
Key
Instrumentalities
Norms
Genres
The time and place of a speech act and, the physical circumstances.
Setting
Speaker, Listener, and Audience
Participants
Purposes, Goals, and Outcomes
Ends
Form and Order of the event
Act Sequence
Tone, Manner, or spirit of the speech act
Key
Forms and styles of speech
Instrumentalities
Social rules governing the event and the participants actions and reaction
Norms
The kind of speech act or event
Genres
WHAT is the subject matter of the text? In what social setting is this kind of text typically produced?
What is the text about? (Different kind of processes, naming)
What is its communicative purpose? (It’s genre) [Processes, naming : economic, social law, newspaper report]
Field
WHO is the relationship between those involved in the communicative act? e.g writer and reader, speaker and listener
Tenor
It refers to the text construction, looking at whether it is based on written or spoken forms of communication
Mode
How is the language being used? How is it the text organized as a series of larger unit of meaning
Mode
