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Bio 1101 > Purple Pages > Flashcards

Purple Pages Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two ways scientists study science?

A

Experimentation and observation

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2
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An answer to a question which can be tested

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3
Q

Name and describe the basic steps of the scientific method.

A
  1. Observation of the natural world
  2. Forming a hypothesis
  3. Testing the hypothesis
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4
Q

What is the difference between an independent and a dependent variable?

A

Independent: controlled by the scientist to test their effects on
Dependant: effected by independent

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5
Q

How is an element different from a compound?

A

An element is a pure substance which cannot be broken down further compound is two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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6
Q

Which elements make up the greatest percentage of matter in living organisms?

A

Hydrogen and carbon

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7
Q

Which subatomic particles make up the atomic nucleus?

A

Neutrons and protons

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8
Q

If given the number of protons, neutrons and electrons of an element can you determine the atomic number and mass?

A

Yes atomic number is number of protons, atomic mass is protons +neutrons

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9
Q

What happens when isotopes decay?

A

The unstable isotope which decays leads to loss of energy and particles from its nucleus and forms a different isotope (spontaneous)

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10
Q

How can radioactive tracers be used in nuclear medicine?

A

Substances used to measure speed of a chemical process and or movement of a substance

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11
Q

What determines the reactivity of an atom?

A

Valence electrons

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12
Q

Name and describe the differences between the four types of chemical bonds.

A
  1. Ionic: transfer of electrons from one element to another (one becomes pos and the other neg)
  2. Covalent: sharing of electrons (not always equal depending on electronegativity- could be polar or non polar)
  3. Hydrogen bonds: happen between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative other atoms
  4. Van der waals forces: areas of positive and negative charges which develop between non polar molecules

(The list represents strength of bond in hierarchy)

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13
Q

Polar

A

When atoms in a molecule have different electronegativities thus creating a dipole moment

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14
Q

Non polar

A

Sharing of electrons is quite even since électronégativies here are even so no dipole moment

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15
Q

What determines if electrons are shared equally in a covalent bond? If they are not shared equally what type
of bond is this?

A

Electronegativity : If not shared equally then polar covalent bond

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16
Q

How do hydrogen bonds form?

A

Through interaction between hydrogen and electronegative atoms like oxygen and nitrogen

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17
Q

Explain how van der Waal forces form.

A

They occur when two or more atoms or molecules are very close together creating regions of pos and neg charges

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18
Q

Why is ice less dense then liquid water?

A

The stable orientation of h2o molecules in ice allows those molecules to be more spaced out , thus less molecules than in liquid water

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19
Q

What causes the creation of surface tension on water?

A

Cohesion

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20
Q

How do ions stay separated in aqueous solutions?

A

Because they are covered by water molecules

21
Q

How do acids and bases work in changing the pH of a solution?

A

They change the pH of a solution as acids increase concentration of h+ ions whereas bases increase oh- (hydroxide ions)

22
Q

What is the buffering system that is used to maintain our blood pH = 7.4? How does it work?

A

Carbonic acid bicarbonate system allows for absorption and release of h+ ions to maintain stability of pH

23
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrogen and carbon compound

24
Q

Name and draw the six main functional groups discussed in class

A
  1. Hydroxyl (-OH)
  2. Carbonyl( -C=O)
  3. Carboxyl(-COOH)
  4. Amino (-NH2)
  5. Phosphate (-PO4 2-)
  6. Sulfhydryl (-SH)
25
Q

Describe the role of water during the synthesis and breakdown of polymers.

A

In the synthesis of a polymer water is removed to allow formation of other bonds. In the breakdown water is added to break bonds

26
Q

What is the fixed ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

CH2O (1:2:1) two hydrogens for carbon and oxygen 1 each

27
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

Mirror imaged isomers

28
Q

What is the name of the bond between two monosaccharides in a dissacharide?

A

Glycosidic linkage

29
Q

Glucose + glucose=

A

Maltose

30
Q

Glucose+ galactose =

A

Lactose

31
Q

Glucose +fructose=

A

Sucrose

32
Q

Name the functions of proteins.

A
  • movement
    -enzymes for reactions
  • storage
  • structural support
  • transport
  • cellular communications
33
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A chain of amino acids which are the polymers of proteins

34
Q

What are the four groups of amino acids?

A
  1. Non polar
  2. Uncharged polar
  3. Charged (positively or negatively)
35
Q

What are all the components of an amino acid and which part changes between different amino acids?

A
  1. Hydrogen atom
  2. Amino group
  3. Carboxyl group
  4. R group- which varies
36
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Linear linkage of amino acids

37
Q

Secondary structure of proteins

A

O and H backbone of peptide bends creating an alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

38
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Bonds between R groups of amino acids which give it its structure and thus its unique function (20 variations)

39
Q

In a polypeptide, what is the type of bond between amino acids?

A

Hydrogen

40
Q

Name and describe the four levels of protein structure

A
  1. Primary: linear linkage of amino acids
  2. Secondary: bending of O and H backbone , creating alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
  3. Tertiary: all types of bonds between R groups which give the amino acid it’s structure and function
  4. Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides joined together
41
Q

In a protein, what is a prosthetic group?

A

A non protein component which is needed for function

42
Q

What are the parts of nucleotide?

A
  1. Nitrogenous base
  2. Pentose sugar
  3. 1 to 3 Phosphate groups
43
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleotides are adenine, guanine, and cytosine
In DNA the fourth is thymine and in rNA it’s uracil
Deoxyribose vs ribose sugar component
Dna is double stranded, rna single

44
Q

How do you read DNA?

A

You start from the 5’ end where the carbon is attached to the phosphate group and end at 3’ where carbon is attached to hydroxyl

45
Q

Which nucleotides forms bond with each other in DNA? In RNA?

A

Cytosine and Guanine
Adenine and thymine ( or uracil for rna)

46
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Where there is the maximum number of possible hydrogen atoms bonded, and no double bonds

47
Q

Why are lipids not true macromolecules?

A

Because they don’t have a monomer

48
Q

How do fats and phospholipids differ?

A

Phospholipids have 2 fatty acid tails, fats 3

49
Q

Why do steroids have dual solubility?

A

Bc of their non polar c h bonds

Bio 1101 (6 decks)

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