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PURCOMM Flashcards

1
Q

can be defined as a process by which information, meanings and feelings
are shared by persons through a common system of verbal and nonverbal symbols, signs or
behavior.

A

Communication

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2
Q

– it is constantly changing because it relies on human perception that can change
overtime; therefore, it is irreversible and unrepeatable

A

dynamic

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3
Q

it is an ongoing exchange of meaning-sharing behaviors between/among
individuals who operate within a frame of experience; it does not have a beginning, an end, a
fixed sequence of events

A

continuous

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4
Q

it adjusts to the changes that occur in its physical and psychological environment;

A

adaptive

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5
Q

it involves components that are interrelated and interacting in a cyclic order

A

systemic

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6
Q

every communication is a unique combination of people, messages and
events; it consists of unending sharing (transmission and reception) of messages between/ among
Cpeople on some occasion.

A

transactional

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7
Q

Forms of Communication

A
  1. Intrapersonal Communication
  2. Interpersonal Communication
    a. Dyadic Communication
    b. Small Group Communication
  3. Public Communication
    Speech
    b. Mass Communication
    Computer-Mediated Communication
    * Visual Communication
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8
Q

is talking to oneself (self-talk) through internal vocalization
or reflective thinking due to some internal or external stimulus. In other words, this type of
communication takes place within the person.

A

Intrapersonal Communication

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9
Q

is a form of communication wherein individuals are engaged
actively in the overt and covert transmission and reception of messages.

A

Interpersonal Communication

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10
Q

is a two-person communication such as telephone
conversation, job interview and doctor-patient conversation.

A

Dyadic Communication

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11
Q

ideally consists of three to six persons such as
committee meeting, buzz session and brainstorming activity

A

Small Group Communication

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12
Q

is conveying information to a large audience.

A

Public Communication

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13
Q

Audience Communication is talking to a large number of people who
are gathered
for some occasion.

A

Speech

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14
Q

is the “process whereby media organizations produce and
transmit messages to large publics and the process by which those messages are sought,
used, understood, and influenced by audience”

A

Mass Communication

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15
Q

. The use of an application computer to control
multimedia interactive and message-based communication.

A

Computer-Mediated Communication

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16
Q

is the use of visual elements to convey ideas and information which
include but are not limited to, signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, industrial
design, advertising, animation, and electronic resources.

A

Visual Communication

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17
Q

 Drawings or designs on the ground produced by arranging gravel, stones or soils.
 Believed to be built for religious purposes.

A
  • GEOGLYPHS
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18
Q

are images that represent physical objects

A

Pictograms

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19
Q

are graphic symbols that represent an idea or concept regardless of a specific
language.

A

Ideograms

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20
Q

are characters that represent a word or a morpheme. It is a written or
pictorial symbol intended to represent a whole word.

A

Logograms

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21
Q

Forms of visual communication

A

Geoglyphs
Pictogram
Ideogram
Logogram

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22
Q

Examples of Logogram

A

Cuneiforms
Hieroglyphics

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23
Q

Major Perspective in Analyzing Visual Images

A

Personal
Historical
Cultural
Technical
Critical
Ethical

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24
Q

o This view posits that the analysis of an image depends on the individual’s thoughts
and values.

A

PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE.

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25
Q

o This perspective refers to the determination of the importance of the work based on
the medium’s timeline

A
  • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
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26
Q

o The analysis of the image takes into consideration its different technical aspects like
lighting, focus, tone position, and presentation

A
  • TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE.
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27
Q

This perspective considers the moral and ethical responsibilities shared by the artist
or the producer of the image, the subject, and the viewer

A
  • ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE.
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28
Q

The perspective brings to the fore the idea that all cultures use symbols to
communicate meanings within groups. It involves the analysis of metaphors and
symbols used in the work.

A
  • CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE.
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29
Q

o Allows the audience to look at the larger issues associated with the image and the
meaning

A
  • CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE.
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30
Q

Types of Non-Verbal Languages

A

Paralanguage (Vocalics)
Action Language (Kinesics)
Sign Language
Object Language (Objectics)
Tactile Language (Haptics)
Space/Distance (Proxemics)
Time (Chronemics)
Silence

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31
Q

refers to vocal qualities that go along with verbal message, such
as pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers

A

Paralanguage (Vocalics)

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32
Q

refers to gross bodily movements such as walking and eating.
It consists of (a) gesture, (b) facial expression, (c) eye contact and (d) posture

A

Action Language (Kinesics)

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33
Q

consists of body movements that are used as substitute for letters, words,
numbers, phrases and even sentences.

A

Sign Language

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34
Q

refers to the intentional or unintentional display of material
things such as the clothes you wear, hair style, the decoration of a room, jewelry,
implements, machines, the human body, etc.

A

Object Language (Objectics)

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35
Q

is communication by touch such as a kiss or a tap on the back.
It is the most elementary mode of communication and the first an infant experiences.

A

Tactile Language (Haptics)

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36
Q

expresses certain types of messages. In America, there are
four primary distance zones: (a) intimate, (b) personal, (c) social and (d) public distance.

A

Space/Distance (Proxemics)

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37
Q

refers to man’s use of time in sending certain types of messages. Time
as a form of nonverbal communication can be best explained by the concept of punctuality,
willingness to wait and interactions.

A

Time (Chronemics)

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38
Q

is the lack of audible sound, or the presence of sounds of very low intensity

A

Silence

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39
Q

Causes of Misunderstandings in Communication

A
  1. Major barriers to effective communication
    a. Indecision about the message content.
    b. Lack of familiarity
    c. Emotional conflicts.
    d. Difficulty in expressing ideas.
  2. Problems in transmitting the message
  3. Problems in receiving the message
    a) Physical distraction:
    b) Lack of concentration:
  4. Problems in understanding the message
    a.) Different cultural background
    b) Different interpretation of words:
    c) Different emotional reaction
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40
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUNICATION PROCESS:

A

a) Psychological Factor. .
b) Cultural Factor.
c) Physical Factor.
d) Social Factor.
e) Historical Factor.

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41
Q

Communicator’s mood or feeling– emotions.

A

Psychological Factor

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42
Q

Communicator’s values, beliefs and norms.

A

Cultural Factor

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43
Q

Place, time and environmental conditions that make up the
communication process.

A

Physical Factor

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44
Q

Relationship between the communicators

A

Social Factor

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45
Q

Previous communication incidents between communicators.

A

Historical Factor

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46
Q

Principles of Effective Communication

A
  1. Clarity
  2. Conciseness
  3. Completeness.
  4. Organization.
  5. Empathy
  6. Flexibility
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47
Q

This pertains to both the message and the purpose why the message has to be sent.
The message should be clear by using appropriate language and communication channels, but
equally important is that the reason for sending and receiving the message must be understood by
both sender and receiver

A

Clarity

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48
Q

The message should be as brief as may be required depending on one’s purpose,
especially in most modern contexts in the business and academic fields where time is of the essence. It should be devoid of trivial details that would hinder
communication.

A

Conciseness

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49
Q

Despite its conciseness, the message should still be complete and
accurate. Whenever necessary, background information should be given to provide better
context; facts and observations may also be helpful.

A

Completeness

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50
Q

Effective communication is usually planned in order to ensure the
systematic flow of ideas and transition from one point to another

A

Organization

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51
Q

The sender of the message should be sensitive to the needs and interests of the
receiver.

A

Empathy

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52
Q

Different people have different communication styles, and consequently, different
expectations. Effective communicators know how to adapt to the varying needs and expectations
of their audience, and modify the message or the way the message is sent to avoid
misunderstanding or misinterpretation

A

Flexibility

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53
Q

an act of transmission and
reception of information

A

Communication

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54
Q
  1. Forming a way of thinking about
    something to say
    × 2. Deciding to communicate × 3. Turn thinking into decodable message × 4. Verbalization of the message × 5. Sending a message to a target grou
A

Acts of
Communication

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55
Q

Communication is
both Verbal and
Non-verbal
True or False

A

TRue

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56
Q

act of stating the
response

A

Verbal

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57
Q

incorporates
facial expressions, hand
gestures, body motions

A

NON-VERBAL

58
Q

Elements of
Communications
as a Process

A

Sender
Message
Channel
Receiver
Feedback

59
Q

the person who sends the message

A

Sender:

60
Q

Information relayed by the sender to the receiver

A

Message

61
Q

Types of Message

A

Intended
Unintended

62
Q

consists of
contents that are specific and clear

A

Intended

63
Q

include signs
and gestures

A

Unintended

64
Q

is using precise words and
explicit methods to make
smooth delivery of the messages.

A

Encoding

65
Q

Also referred to as the medium.
* It is the tool used to transmit a
message.

A

Channel

66
Q

Perceives and understands the message
through the decoding process.
* He/she must give feedback.

A

Receiver

67
Q

The receptor’s discernable reaction to
the sender’s message.

A

Feedback

68
Q

factors that interfere with
the exchange of messages

A

Noise

69
Q

Form of Noise

A

External, Physiological, Psychological

70
Q

noises that distracts
communicators

A

External

71
Q

hearing conditions,
diseases, disabilities, and other factors
that make it impossible to send or receive
a message

A

Physiological

72
Q

forces inside the
receiver that interfere
with comprehension

A

Psychological

73
Q

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21

A

Fibonacci Sequence

74
Q

envisages
a one-way process in which one party is
the sender, encoding and transmitting
the message, and another party is the
recipient, receiving and decoding the
information

A

Linear Model

75
Q

It describes communication as
a
process in which participants
alternate positions as sender and
receiver and generate meaning by
sending messages and receiving
feedback within physical and
psychological contexts

A

Interactive/ Interactional
Model

76
Q

refers to the
continuous exchange of
information where both the
sender and receiver are involved
in the process and take turns to
communicate messages.

A

Transactional MOdel

76
Q

is also
now considered as interactive
communication as the model is
circular where the senders
interchange every time
. Social
media, interactive marketing and
user generated contents, ATM
machines, online shopping, chat
rooms, etc are other examples of
interactive communication model

A

Human Computer Interaction

77
Q

A presidential speech is an example of

A

Linear Model

78
Q

True or False:
Is browsing through the internet a form of communication? Why?

A

Yes. It is an example of human computer interaction

79
Q

If the universe is ever expanding, and the mere scale gap of our existence is vastly incomprehensible, give one example of Noise.

A

External, Physiological, Psychological

80
Q
  • means that the components function harmoniously to
    understand the actual conversation.
  • The sender uses his field of experience to encrypt a message,
    use a channel, and transmit a message to the recipient, which
    in effect uses his field of experiences to decode a message.
  • Takes place for educational purposes
  • Requires certain degree of formality
A

Academic Communication

81
Q

Involves the actual business of purchasing and selling.
* Involves dialogs and correspondence between customers
and service providers, staff to the supervisor, and
professional interactions between colleagues.

A

Business Communication

82
Q

is going to help you do the ethical act

A

Conscience

83
Q

is going to drive you to the opposite side

A

Guilt

84
Q

is concerned with presenting the message in an appropriate manner

A

Communication Ethics

85
Q

Conveying the message without offending the audience
Maintaining a relationship with the audience
Avoiding the act of withholding crucial information
Giving accurate information

A

Ethical Correspondence

86
Q

All relevant information
Truthfulness
Accuracy and Sincerity
Fair Presentation of Ideas

A

Characteristics of Ethical Communication

87
Q

Factors that affect Ethical Communication

A

Ethical Aspect
Ethical Context
Culture

88
Q

Concerns about what is to be revealed and not revealed

A

Ethical Aspect

89
Q

Ethical background remains essential in all modes of communication

A

Ethical Context

90
Q

refers to the complex set of knowledge, traditions, language, laws, practices, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and customs that connect and give a common identity to a particular group of people at a specific time.

A

Culture

91
Q

Ethical Dilemmas in Communication

A

Plagiarism
Selective Misquoting
Misrepresenting Numbers
Distorting Visuals

92
Q

Presenting someone else’s ideas without their consent or by incorporating it into your work without acknowledging them

A

Plagiarism

93
Q

Deliberately misrepresenting and altering the meaning of someone’s work by taking it out of context.

A

Selective Misquoting

94
Q

Communicating honestly reported data in a deceptive manner.

A

Misrepresenting Numbers

95
Q

overvaluing or undervaluing a product and lying about how a product looks

A

Distorting Visuals

96
Q

can be defined just as any communication can: a
message is sent from one person or group to another anywhere in the world,

A

Global Communication

97
Q

 the process of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals from different cultures
 is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between people from different cultural
backgrounds
 refers to the communication between people from two different cultures. (Chen &
Starosta, 1998)
 is the exchange of information between individuals who are “unalike culturally.” (Rogers
& Steinfatt, 1999)
 is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process, in which people from
different cultures create shared meanings. (Lustig & Koester, 2007)
 is identified as both a concept and a competence. Intercultural competence is the active
possession by individuals of qualities which contribute to effective intercultural
communication and can be defined in terms of three primary attributes: knowledge, skills
and attitudes. (LANQUA, n.d.)
 is called in various ways: multicultural communication, cross-cultural communication,
interracial communication, interethnic communication, and international communication.

A

Intercultural Communication

98
Q

FORMS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

A

Interracial Communication
Interethnic Communication
International Communication
Intracultural Communication

99
Q

Interpreting and sharing of meanings with individuals from different races

A

Interracial Communication

100
Q

Interactions with individuals of different ethnic origins.

A

Interethnic Communication

100
Q

Communication between persons representing different nations

A

International Communication

101
Q

Interaction with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture as yours

A

Intracultural Communication

102
Q

Manifestations of Culture

A

Symbols
Heroes
Rituals
Values

103
Q

are the most evident – words, gestures, pictures, clothes, acts or objects that
carry a particular meaning – which are recognized only by members of the same culture.
It can easily develop and disappear

A

Symbols

104
Q

are past or present, real or fictitious personas who are respected and admired in
a culture. They possess qualities that are highly valued by members of a culture.

A

Heroes

105
Q

are a collection of activities such as ways of greetings, paying respect to
others, religious and social ceremonies. They hold social significance although often
times they are acted out for their own sake.

A

Rituals

106
Q

are the core of a culture. They consists of a culture’s predilection between right
and wrong, good and bad, likes and dislikes, and natural or unnatural. They are
interconnected with what is moral or ethical standards of a culture.

A

Values

107
Q

Language varieties

A

Pidgin
Creole
Dialect
Register

108
Q

created so that two people, who do not have a
common tongue, can communicate with each
other to serve a purpose
are made for trade purposes.
a short-living language

A

Pidgin

109
Q

A pidgin that has become a first language of a person

A

Creole

110
Q

a particular form of a language which is
peculiar to a specific region or social group

A

Dialect

111
Q

is otherwise called the
dominant language. It is the dialect of a
language that is spoken by the majority of its
speakers.

A

Regional Dialect

112
Q

is another type of dialect that
is spoken by a small community, mostly ethnic
groups. It is not widely spoken; thus, it acts as
an identity marker for the community that
uses it.

A

Minority Dialect

113
Q

the level of formality of a language

A

Register

114
Q

Types of Register

A

Frozen Register
Formal Register
Consultative Register
Casual Register
Intimate Register
Formal Language Register
Informal Language Register
Neutral Language Register

115
Q

type of register that does not change; it is
static

A

Frozen Register

116
Q

used for an audience and context that
demands a level of formality
used for formal occasions, involves a large
vocabulary of “educated” words
Language is standard - avoids slang and may
use technical or academic vocabulary.

A

Formal Register

117
Q

The normal style for speaking to strangers or
persons who are neither acquaintances nor
friends or relatives
The speaker supplies background information – he does not
assume that he will be understood without it; and
+ The listener participates continuously.
This register is formal and acceptable speech
often used in professional settings.
Conversational in tone. Interruptions can occur
during the communication.
Speaker does not usually plan what he wants to say like in an
advice.
Sentences tend to be shorter and
spontaneous

A

Consultative Register

118
Q

used to an audience where you share a
relationship with, like a friend, classmate, etc.
There is no restriction in terms of formality.

A

Casual Register

119
Q

This register is reserved for close family
members such as parents and children and
siblings.

A

Intimate Register

120
Q

This is the most difficult type of writing. It is
impersonal, not written for a specific person
and is written without emotion.

A

Formal Language Register

121
Q

This register is used in informal writing when we
are writing to someone we know very well.

A

Informal Language Register

122
Q

This language register is used with nonemotional topics and information. This is not
necessarily formal or informal. It is not usually
positive or negative. It is used to deliver facts.

A

Neutral Language Register

123
Q

Example of Frozen Register

A

Anthems, pledges

124
Q

refers to the process by which individuals may take
on values and beliefs of the host culture and accommodate them in the public sphere, while
maintaining the parent culture in the private sphere.

A
  • Accommodation
125
Q

“a process through which a person or group from
one culture comes to adopt the practices and values of another culture, while still retaining
their own distinct culture”

A
  • Acculturation
126
Q

Considered as the most extreme form of acculturation, the concept refers
to “the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage adopt the cultural
norms of a dominant or host culture, over their original culture”

A

Assimilation

127
Q

This process occurs “when individuals are able to adopt the cultural norms of
the dominant or host culture while maintaining their culture of origin. It is often synonymous with biculturalism”.

A

Integration

128
Q

This strategy occurs “when individuals reject the dominant or host culture in
favor of preserving their culture of origin.

A

Separation

129
Q

occurs “when individuals reject both their culture of origin
and the dominant host culture where cultural exclusion is promoted”.

A

Marginalization

130
Q

Strategies in Interacting with a Culture

A

Accommodation
Acculturation
Assimilation
Integration
Separation
Marginalization

131
Q

__ stresses individual goals and the rights of the individual person while
__focuses on group goals, what is best for the collective group, and personal
relationships

A

Individualism VS. Collectivism

132
Q

_____ is a tradition-bound communication system which depends on indirectness
while _____ communication is a system that encourages directness in
communication.

A

High-context vs. low-context

133
Q

______ cultures have higher
levels of inequality and are more willing to accept that without question. _______ cultures have lower levels of inequality and are less willing to accept unequal
power distribution.

A

High power distance vs. Low power
distance

134
Q

_________ values aggressiveness, strength, and
material symbols of success.
___________ values tenderness and relationships.

A

Masculine culture vs. Feminine culture

135
Q

is the tendency of a group of people to consider their culture as superior to
all other cultures.

A

Ethnocentrism

136
Q

is the acceptance that all cultures are equal in value with one another
despite their differences.

A

Cultural relativism

137
Q

pertains to the idea that different cultures will blend together and
create one ultimate culture.

A

Melting pot philosophy

138
Q

refers to the acknowledgement of cultural relativism and promotion of respect for
uniqueness and forbearance of diversity of cultures. Instead of creating a new hybrid of
culture like in the melting pot theory, all cultures are allowed to co-exist with one another.

A

Pluralism

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