Pulmonary Ventilation/ pulmonary circulation

Question 0

What does the carina produce?

Answer 0

Strong cough reflex

Question 1

Where is the carina located?

Answer 1

At the bifurcation of the trachea into the two primary bronchi

Question 2

What do bronchioles lack?

Answer 2

Cartilaginous plates

Question 3

Like bronchi, bronchioles lack cartilaginous plates

True or False

Answer 3

False

True statement is, Unlike bronchi, “ “

Question 4

What is vital lung capacity?

Answer 4

Sum of the
inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
and expiratory reserve volume

Question 5

What is the volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest?

Answer 5

Tidal volume 500ml

Question 6

What is the volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration?

Answer 6

Inspiratory reserve volume 3000ml

Question 7

What is the additional volume of air that can be expired at end of tidal volume by forceful expiration?

Answer 7

Expiratory reserve volume 1100ml

Question 8

what is the volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration

Answer 8

Residual volume 1200 ml

Question 9

What is the sum of all volumes that can be inspired or exhaled?

Answer 9

Vital capacity 4600 ml

Question 10

what is the sum of all volumes that = vital capacity plus residual volume?

Answer 10

Total lung capacity 5800 ml

Question 11

What is the total volume of gases that enter spaces participating in gas exchange per minute?

Answer 11

Alveolar ventilation (Va)

Question 12

What does anatomic dead space include?

Answer 12

Space in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Question 13

What does physiological dead space include?

Answer 13

Anatomic dead space + venitalated alveoli with poor or absent perfusion

Question 14

The total dead space in a normal individual is about?

Answer 14

.15 liters

Question 15

What does alveolar ventilation = ?

Answer 15

(tidal volume - dead space) x breathing rate = .35 x breathing rate

Question 16

What is pleural pressure?

Answer 16

The pressure of the fluid between parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

Question 17

What is alveolar pressure

Answer 17

Pressure of the air inside the alveoli

Question 18

What is transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 18

Difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure

Question 19

During inspiration pleural pressure =

Answer 19

-5 to -7.5 cm H2O.

Question 20

During expiration pleural pressure =

Answer 20

= -7.5 to -5 cm H2O.

Question 21

During inspiration alveolar pressure =

Answer 21

= 0 to -1 cm H2O.

Question 22

During expiration alveolar pressure

Answer 22

= 0 to +1 cm H2O.

Question 23

What is equal to tidal volume x respiration rate?

Answer 23

Minute ventilation

Question 24

For the average size alveolus (radius about 100 micrometers) the surface tension pressure is

Answer 24

about 4 cm of water pressure with surfactant and 18 cm of water pressure without surfactant.

Question 25

Compliance is

Answer 25

directly proportional to distensibility and volume and indirectly proportional to pressure.

Question 26

Compliance is the volume by which

Answer 26

the lungs and thorax increase for each unit pressure change in the transpulmonary pressure.

Question 27

How much of total blood volume is found in the lungs.

Answer 27

About 9% (450 ml)

Question 28

The pulmonary artery and its branches can be described as ….

Answer 28

a low pressure/high flow system

Question 29

the bronchial arteries (supplying the lung tissue itself) can be described as ….

Answer 29

a high pressure/low flow system.

Question 30

What is the pressure gradient in the pulmonary system.

Answer 30

The difference between the mean pulmonary arterial pressure and the diastolic pressure in the left atrium. This gradient is approximately 7 mm Hg.

Question 31

The mean normal pressure in the left atrium is ….?

Answer 31

2 mm Hg.

Question 32

In order to increase blood flow to the lungs during exercise what happens?

Answer 32

the number of open capillaries increases as much as 3x normal, the capillaries become more distended, and there is an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure.

Question 33

Normally at rest, the apices of the lungs show what?

Answer 33

zone 2 pattern of pulmonary blood flow

Question 34

Normally at rest, the remainder of the lungs show what?

Answer 34

zone 3 pattern

Question 35

What happens Because of the physiologic shunt?

Answer 35

blood in the systemic arteries contains less oxygen per deciliter than blood that has equilibrated with the alveolar air.

Question 36

What does the Reduction of blood flow to a portion of the lung cause?

Answer 36

lowers alveolar pCO2 and results in a constriction of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung.