Pulmonary System

Question 1

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 1

the process of moving and exchanging ambient air with air in the lungs

Question 2

lungs

Answer 2

provide the gas exchange surface for oxygen to transfer from alveolar air into alveolar capillary blood
weight approximately 2.3 kg
volume between 4-6 L
highly vascularized

Question 3

inspiration

Answer 3

air movement into the lungs
diaphragm and inspiratory muscles contract
(scalene, sternocleidomastoid, and external intercostal)
intra-pulmonic pressure decreases slightly below atmospheric pressure

Question 4

expiration

Answer 4

air movement out of the lungs
natural recoil of stretched lung
relaxation of inspiratory muscles
intra-pulmonic pressure = atmospheric pressure
decreased chest volume compresses alveolar gas so air moves from respiratory tract to atmosphere

Question 5

tidal volume

Answer 5

volume inspired or expired per breath
females: 0.5 L
males: 0.6 L

Question 6

minute ventilation

Answer 6

breathing rate x tidal volume
breathing rate at rest: 12 breaths/min
breathing rate during strenuous exercise: 35-45 breaths/min

Question 7

total lung capacity

Answer 7

volume in lungs after maximum inspiration
females: 4.2 L
males: 6.0 L

Question 8

forced vital capacity

Answer 8

maximum volume expired after maximum inspiration
females: 3.2 L
males: 4.8 L

Question 9

oxygen requirement of breathing is relatively small at rest

Answer 9

no difference seen between males and females

Question 10

moderate intensity exercise

Answer 10

oxygen requirement of breathing is 3-5% of total oxygen consumption

Question 11

the metabolic demands of respiratory muscles during maximal effort is up to 15%

Answer 11

competition for blood flow between respiratory and locomotor muscles

Question 12

endurance training has no impact on the functional capacity of the pulmonary system

Answer 12

swimming and scuba diving result in larger than normal tidal volume and total lung capacity due to strengthening of inspiratory muscles
pulmonary ventilation does not limit maximal aerobic performance for most individuals despite feeling “winded”

Question 13

females have consistently reduced lung volumes than males

Answer 13

produces greater use of ventilatory reserve and respiratory muscle work in females

Question 14

exercise training improves ventilatory muscle endurance

Answer 14

caused by a training-induced increase in aerobic enzyme levels and oxidative capacity of the respiratory muscles

Question 15

benefits of exercise endurance

Answer 15

less respiratory work by ventilatory muscles reduces overall energy demands
ventilatory muscles produce less lactate during intense exercise
ventilatory muscles more efficiently metabolize circulating lactate as metabolic fuel

Question 16

trachea

Answer 16

cartilaginous tube connecting the pharynx and larynx to the lungs

Question 17

bronchi

Answer 17

primary conduits into each of the lungs

Question 18

bronchioles

Answer 18

conduct inspired air to the alveolar ducts

Question 19

alveoli

Answer 19

microscopic, elastic, thin-walled membranous sacs composed of simple squamous epithelial cells that allow for gas exchange between lung tissue and blood
allows for diffusion of 250 mL of oxygen and 200 mL of carbon dioxide per minute

Question 20

conducting zone

Answer 20

anatomic dead space that occupies the largest portion of total lung volume

Question 21

functions of the conducting zone

Answer 21

air transport, humidification, warming, particle filtration, vocalization
cold weather physical activity

Question 22

functions of the respiratory zone

Answer 22

surfactant production, molecule activation and inactivation, blood clotting regulation, endocrine function