Blood

Question 1

characteristics of blood

Answer 1

normal temperature of 100.4 F
pH of 7.4
five times greater viscosity than water

Question 2

blood constitutes approximately 8% of adult body weight

Answer 2

adult males: 5-6 liters of blood
adult females: 4-5 liters of blood

Question 3

plasma

Answer 3

transports nutrients, hormones, and proteins
a yellow liquid that makes up about 55% of the body’s blood volume

Question 4

platelets

Answer 4

form clots to stop bleeding
make up less than 1% of blood

Question 5

red blood cells

Answer 5

carry fresh oxygen through the body and remove carbon dioxide
make up about 40 to 45% of blood

Question 6

white blood cells

Answer 6

part of the body’s immune system
detect and fight viruses and bacteria
5 major types
make up less than 1% of blood

Question 7

transportation

Answer 7

deliver oxygen and nutrients to as well as remove wastes from body cells

Question 8

defense

Answer 8

white blood cells
platelets

Question 9

regulates

Answer 9

body temperature

Question 10

red blood cells

Answer 10

more than 25 trillion
every second, 2-3 million are produced in bone marrow and released into circulation
diameter of 6 um
small enough to squeeze through the smallest blood vessels
circulate around the body for up to 120

Question 11

hemoglobin

Answer 11

an iron-containing globular protein which is composed of four subunit polypeptide chain

Question 12

greater amount of Hb

Answer 12

greater oxygen carrying capacity in the body

Question 13

steps of RBC formation

Answer 13

1. kidneys detect reduced O2- carrying capacity of blood
2. kidneys respond by secreting erythropoietin into the blood stream
3. erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis by the bone marrow
4. addition of circulation erythrocytes increase O2- carrying capacity in blood
5. increase O2- carrying capacity relieves the initial stimulus that triggered EPO secretion

Question 14

anemia

Answer 14

hemoglobin levels of <=12.0 g/dl for women and <=13.0 g/dl for men
5.6% of US population has it
the prevalence of anemia increases with age with 8-44% of elderly individuals being diagnosed
caused by iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, chronic inflammation, bone marrow disease, blood diseases, sickle cell disease

Question 15

endurance exercise

Answer 15

stimulates increased red blood cell synthesis due to exercise induced arterial hypoxia
increase in RBC by 5% over several months

Question 16

increased plasma volume with endurance exercise directly relates to

Answer 16

increased synthesis and retention of plasma albumin
there is a 12-20% increase in plasma volume after 3-6 aerobic training sessions
increase to end diastolic volume
increase to cardiac output
improves temperature regulating ability during exercise

Question 17

blood doping

Answer 17

the use of substances or techniques that increase the number of circulating red blood cells (erythrocytes) or the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood to improve human performance
increases maximal aerobic fitness and endurance performance
banned by internal Olympic committee since 1984
banned by NCAA, world anti doping agency, union cyclist international

Question 18

blood withdrawal and reinfusion

Answer 18

autologous transfusion
withdrawal of 1-4 units of whole blood and immediately reinfuse the plasma
1 unit = 450 mL
place packed red blood cells in frozen storage for later refusion
homologous transfusion: infuses a type-matched donor’s blood
infuse stored blood 1-7 days before endurance event
results in an 8-20% increase in RBC count and hemoglobin & increases blood volume

Question 19

epoetin

Answer 19

synthetic form or erythropoietin that stimulates the formation of new RBCs by the bone marrow
6 weeks results in a 12% increase in hemoglobin and RBC
self-administration in an unregulated and unmonitored manner can increase hematocrit more than 60% (no effect on overall blood volume)
increases blood viscosity which increases likelihood of stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and pulmonary edema

Question 20

safety considerations for blood doping

Answer 20

high levels of hematocrit increase risk for heart attack, stroke, pulmonary, or cerebral embolism
even more common after dehydration as a result of strenuous exercise

Question 21

homologous transfusion

Answer 21

transfer of virus or other blood-borne pathogens

Question 22

autologous transfusion

Answer 22

significant health risks if the procedure is not done properly or if the blood is not handled or stored in a proper manner