Pulmonary Review Flashcards
What are the structural components of the pulmonary system above the Trachea?
- Trachea
- Cartilage
- Larynx
- Epiglottis
- Pharynx
- Oral Cavity
- Nasal Passage
- Frontal Sinus
What are the structural components of the pulmonary systems below the trachea and above the bronchioles?
- Ribs
- Lungs
- Superior Lobe
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Diaphragm
- Heart
What are the structural components of the pulmonary system after the bronchioles?
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Smooth Muscles
- Pulmonary Artery
- Pulmonary Vein
- Alveoli
- Capillary Beds Cover All Alveoli
Describe the Alveoli Structure
- Alveolar Ducts
- Alveolar Sac
- Alveolar Pores
Describe the Alveolar Cells Structure
- Collagen Fibril
- Elastic Fibers
- Basal Lamina
- Macrophage
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Fibroblast
Describe what happens at the capillary and alveolar membrane
- Alveolus
- Alveolar Membrane
- Capillary
- Deoxygenated blood into capillaries
- Oxygenated blood out of capillaries
How many zones do the ventilation zones consist of?
- 0-23
What zones does the conducting zone consist of?
- 0-16
What components of the pulmonary system make up the conducting zones?
- Trachea: 0
- Primary Bronchus: 1
- Bronchus: 2 & 3
- Bronchi: 4 - 10
- Bronchioles: 11 - 16
What components of the pulmonary system make up the transitional and respiratory zones?
- Respiratory Bronchioles: 17, 18, 19
- Alveolar Ducts: 20, 21, 22
- Alveolar Sacs: 23
What does Fick’s Law of Diffusion govern?
- Gas Diffusion across a fluid membrane
What is the equation for VE?
- VE = breathing rate x tidal volume
How can VE be increased?
Increase
- breathing rate
or
- breathing depth
or
- both
How high does the breathing rate increase in a healthy young adult during strenuous exercise? what about for elite endurance athletes?
Young Adult
- 35-40 breaths/min
Endurance Athlete
- 60-70 breaths/min
What % of vital capacity does tidal volume rarely exceed for trained and untrained individuals?
- 60%
Explain how gas diffuses through a sheet of tissue.
At a rate
- directly proportional to tissue area, a diffusion constant, and pressure differential of the gas on each side of the membrane
- Inversely proportional to tissue thickness
What does the pressure differential between air in the lungs and lung-chest wall interface cause?
- Lungs to adhere to the chest wall
- Follow its every movement
What is minute ventilation?
- Volume of air breathed each minute
Define Anatomical Dead Space
- Air in each breath that does NOT enter alveoli
What does anatomical dead space not participate in?
- Gaseous exchange with blood
What is the approximate volume of anatomic dead space?
- 150-200mL
Define Alveolar Ventilation
- Portion of inspired air that reaches the alveoli
What does alveolar ventilation participate in?
- Gas exchange
What determines the gaseous concentration at the alveolar-capillary membrane?
- Alveolar Ventilation
What is the approximate range of alveolar ventilation at rest?
- 350mL
What enters into and mixes with existing alveolar air at rest?
- 350mL of inspired Tidal Volume
What are the typical pulmonary ventilation values during rest?
Breathing Rate (breaths/min)
- 12
Tidal Volume (L/min)
- 0.5
Pulmonary Ventilation (L/min)
- 6
What are the typical pulmonary ventilation values during moderate exercise?
Breathing Rate (breaths/min)
- 30
Tidal Volume (L/min)
- 2.5
Pulmonary Ventilation (L/min)
- 75
What are the typical pulmonary ventilation values during intense exercise?
Breathing Rate (breaths/min)
- 50
Tidal Volume (L/min)
- 3.0
Pulmonary Ventilation (L/min)
- 150
Define the Ventilation-Perfusion (V-P) Ratio
- The ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow
How much air ventilates alveoli each min at rest?
- 4.2L
How much blood flows through pulmonary capillaries each minute at rest?
- 5L
What is the average V-P ratio? What does it mean?
Average
- 0.84
Mean
- 0.84L alveolar ventilation matches 1L of pulmonary blood flow
What is the average concentration of gases in ambient air?
O2
- 20.93%
N2
- 79.04%
CO2
- 0.03%
What does the body’s supply of oxygen depend on?
- Concentration of Gases in Ambient Air
- Partial Pressure of Gases in Ambient Air
Define Partial Pressure
- Molecules of each specific gas in a mixture of gases exert their own partial pressure
What is the equation for partial pressure?
% concentration of a specific gas / total pressure of gas mixture
What is the partial pressure of Oxygen in dry ambient air at sea level?
20.93% of 760mmHg
- 159mmHg
What is the partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide in dry ambient air at sea level?
0.03% of 760mmHg
- 0.2mmHg
What is the partial pressure of Nitrogen in dry ambient air at sea level?
79.04% of 760mmHg
- 600mmHg
What happens to Tracheal Air?
- Completely saturates with water vapor as it enters nasal cavities, mouth, and down respiratory tract
What is the result of the humidification of the tracheal air?
- Effective PO2 in tracheal air decreases by 10mmHg from ambient value
- From 159mmHg to 149mmHg
What kind of effect does humidification exert on Pco2? Why?
What
- Negligible
Why
- Little contribution to inspired air
How does alveolar air composition differ from incoming breath of moist ambient air?
- CO2 continually enters alveoli from blood
- O2 continually enters blood from the alveoli
What are the values of alveolar air?
O2
- 14.5%
CO2
- 5.5%
N2
- 80%
What are the average pressures exerted by O2 and CO2 against the alveolar side of the alveolar-capillary membrane?
PO2
- 103mmHg
PCO2
- 39mmHg
Define Henry’s Law
- Mass of a gas that dissolves in a fluid at a given temperature varies in direct proportion to pressure of the gas over the liquid
What two factors govern the rate of gas diffusion into a fluid?
- Pressure differential between gas above the fluid and gas dissolved in the fluid
- Solubility of gas in the fluid
What is the equation for the Quantity of gas (mL/dL)?
Quantity of gas (mL/dL) = solubility coefficient x (gas partial pressure/total barometric pressure)
How does O2 travel?
From higher to lower pressure
- as it dissolves and diffuses through the alveolar membrane into blood
What causes a net diffusion of CO2 from the blood to the lungs?
- Higher pressure in returning venous blood than in alveoli
What happens to Nitrogen in alveolar-capillary gas?
- Remains Essentially unchanged
How quickly does alveolar gas-blood equilibrium change?
- 0.25s
What is the PO2 in fluid outside a muscle cell at rest?
- 40mmHg
What is the PCO2 in intracellular fluid at rest?
- 46mmHg
What does the PO2 in active fall to during vigorous exercise?
towards
- 0mmHg
What does the PCO2 in active muscle approach during vigorous exercise?
- 90mmHg
What establishes the diffusion gradient?
- Pressure differences between gases in plasma and tissues
Which direction does O2 and CO2 travel in diffusion?
O2
- From blood towards cells
CO2
- From cells towards blood
What does blood do after CO2 flows from the cells into it?
- passes into the venous circuit for return to the heart and delivery to the lungs
What does Alveolar Ventilation couple with? Why?
Couples With
- Metabolic demand
Why?
- maintain constant alveolar gas composition
What happens to alveolar gas concentration during strenuous activity?
Maintains
- Increases VO2 and VCO2 output
- 25x resting values
What two ways does blood transport oxygen?
- Dissolved in fluid portion of blood
- In loose combination with hemoglobin
What is hemoglobin?
- Iron-containing globular protein pigment within red blood cells