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Dr Naders Pathology > Pulmonary pathology > Flashcards

Pulmonary pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of venereal?

A

Relating to sexual desire or intercourse. Comes from the root Venus

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2
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish discolouration of skin/ mucous

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3
Q

Cheyne-stokes Respirations

A

Irregular (alternating shallow and deep) breathing with like pauses up to 60 seconds
Ie. heady injury and end of life

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4
Q

Loefler Syndrome

A

Cardiac damage caused by the damaging effects of eosinophils granule proteins.
*result of a parasitic infection.

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5
Q

Neoplasm

A

New and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body.

Ie. in cancer

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6
Q

Pneumonia

A

Viral, bacterial or mycotoxins infection of the respiratory tract.

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7
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs arising from the bronchi Or bronchioles.
-characterized by patchy areas of pulmonary consolidation

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8
Q

Pulmonary consolidation

A

A region of normally compressible lung tissue that has filled up with liquid instead of air
- marked by induration (swelling or hardening of normally soft tissue)

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9
Q

Emphysema

A

Abnormal and permanent enlargement of less functional gas-exchange surface accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis.
Loss of elastic recoil

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10
Q

Pink puffer

A

A emphasyma sufferer.

Don’t lack oxygen. Purses lips slows down air going out but breathing rate goes up

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11
Q

Centriacinar emphysema

A

Distended respiratory bronchioles due to inflammation.

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12
Q

Panacinar emphysema

A

Alpha 1 antitryspin deficiency.

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13
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

Refers to VQ.

A condition of increased blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs

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14
Q

What are the three main types of emphysema?

A
  1. Centriacinar emphysema
  2. Panacinar emphysema
  3. Intrinsic emphysema
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15
Q

What are the 4 phases of asthma?

A
  1. Mild intermittent
  2. Mild persistent
  3. Moderate persistent
    4 severe persistent
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16
Q

In acute respiratory failure, what characterizes it??

A

Hypoxemia

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17
Q

Hypoxemia

A

An abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood.

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18
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Most severe form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolo-capillary injury.
Injury to pulmonary capillary endothelium
-surfactant inactivation

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19
Q

What happens if the pulmonary capillary endothelium is injured?

A

Surfactant cannot be produced

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20
Q

What conditions can cause IRDS?

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

Prematurity with inadequate surfactant production

- leads to massive atelectasis

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21
Q

What happens in IRDS? (Infant respiratory distress syndrome)

A

Atelectasis and hypoxia cause pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary Hypertension, and blood shunting.
- epithelial damage and fibrin deposits in the airspaces

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22
Q

What is the mean rise in pulmonary artery pressure for pulmonary hypertension to be considered?

A

5-10 mm Hg

Total pressure of 20 mm of Hg.

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23
Q

How does a person with pulmonary hypertension sleep?

A

In a semi sitting position

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24
Q

Hyperpnoea

A

Abnormal breathing patterns

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25
Q

Centrianinca

A

Abnormal big cavities that are near to bronchus

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26
Q

Virchow triad

A

Venous stasis, hypercoagulability, injuries to the endothelial cells that line the vessels (in trauma)
Three broad categories thought to contribute to thrombosis

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27
Q

Coagulability

A

To cause transformation of a liquid into a soft, semisolid, or solid mass

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28
Q

cor pulmonale

A

Pulmonary heart disease.

- right ventricle enlargement secondary to pulmonary hypertension

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29
Q

What happens to the left ventricle in cor pulmonale?

A

Dilation makes the left ventricle wall thinner (like blowing up a balloon)

30
Q

True or false

Pulmonary hypertension creates acute pressure overload into the right ventricle.

A

False.

Pulmonary hypertension creates chronic* pressure overload into the right ventricle

31
Q

What is another name for hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

Allergic alveolitis

  • hypersensitivity pneumonitis is lung inflammation that occurs after repeat exposure to allergens
32
Q

When do you develop hypoxemic respiratory failure?

A

When oxygen levels in the blood decrease

33
Q

Does elevated capillary wedge pressure produce pulmonary edema?

A

Yes if the pressure inside the capillaries is elevated

34
Q

Can a decrease in plasma inciting pressure produce pulmonary edema?

A

Yes because inciting pressure mean low proteins therefor there is no force to pull water into the capillaries.

35
Q

Can bronchi by secretions lead to atelectasis?

A

Yes

36
Q

Can bronchiectasis lead to atelectasis?

A

Yes

37
Q

What is the name of one inflammatory process that affects bronchioles and may alter the VQ?

A

Bronchiolitis

38
Q

I hat is the name for when air gets sucked in during inspiration through the thorax, through a thoracic wound and exits through exhalation?

A

Normotensive pneumothorax

39
Q

What is the synonym for pneumothorax?

A

Hypertensive pneumothorax

40
Q

Shunting

A

When venous blood enters the bloodstream without passing through functioning lung tissue

41
Q

What is the name of the collection of blood inside the pleural cavity?

A

Hemothorax

42
Q

What is the name of the collection of pus inside the pleura?

A

Empyema

43
Q

What is the name of the Lymphatic collection within the pleural cavity that occurs due to either disruption or obstruction to the thoracic duct?

A

Chylothorax

44
Q

What is the difference between a lung abscess and a lung cyst?

A

Cyst- hole covered by a membrane and full of clear liquid

Abscess- hole covered by a membrane but full of pus

45
Q

What kind on pneumothorax is life threatening?

A

Tension pneumothorax/ hypertensive pneumothorax

46
Q

What is the Virchow triad?

A

Venous stasis, hypercoagulability, embolization and heart failure

47
Q

What is the most common reason for developing one lung abscess?

A

Pneumonia

48
Q

What is the most common reason for spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

Bullae

49
Q

Can spontaneous pneumothorax become hypertensive pneumothorax?

A

Yes

50
Q

The fluid collection into the pleural space through compression may lead to atelectasis is called …?

A

Pleural effusion

51
Q

Mesothelioma

A

Big, bulky tumours that can fill the chest cavity.

Caused by asbestos exposure

52
Q

What cancer is commonly caused by asbestos exposure?

A

Mesothelioma

53
Q

Can mono malnutrition lead to transudative diffusion?

A

Yes

54
Q

Can congestive heart failure lead to transudative diffusion?

A

Yes

55
Q

Can minor post infectious pleuritis lead to transudative diffusion?

A

No because white blood cells create pus

56
Q

What is the alternative name for empiema?

A

Pyothorax

57
Q

What is the name for the thickening of the pleura?

A

Diffuse pleura thickening

*one of the most commonly diagnosed signs of asbestos exposure

58
Q

Pneunoconiosis

A

Disease of the lungs due to the inhalation or micro particulate

59
Q

What is a flair chest?

A

Consecutive double fractures of the ribs

60
Q

What would happen if if you were given oxygen at 50 L/minute?

A

Hydroxide poisoning

61
Q

Hyaline membrane disease

A

Lack of surfactant factor

62
Q

Asthma

A

Inflammation results from hyperresponsiveness of the airways

63
Q

True of false.

Asthma is the only reversible COPD.

A

True

64
Q

True or false.

Comics is aspirated vomit that caused choking

A

False.

Vomica is coughing out the contents of an abscess that eroded the bronchus open

65
Q

Chest infiltrate

A

A substance denser than air (pus, blood, protein) which lingers lingers within the parenchyma of the lungs.

66
Q

What happens in epyema?

A

Infected pleural effusion with pus

67
Q

Hemothorax

A

Blood in pleural space

68
Q

Intrinsic asthma

A

Triggered by respiratory tract infections and drugs (aspirin)
*not an allergy

69
Q

Exploratory wheezing

A

Air tries to remain inside the lungs

70
Q

Exudative effusion

A

Looks like soup or blood

Increased WBC and protein concentration in the fluid between pleuras

Dr Naders Pathology (3 decks)

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