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Dr Naders Pathology > Pulmonary pathology > Flashcards

Pulmonary pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of venereal?

A

Relating to sexual desire or intercourse. Comes from the root Venus

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2
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish discolouration of skin/ mucous

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3
Q

Cheyne-stokes Respirations

A

Irregular (alternating shallow and deep) breathing with like pauses up to 60 seconds
Ie. heady injury and end of life

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4
Q

Loefler Syndrome

A

Cardiac damage caused by the damaging effects of eosinophils granule proteins.
*result of a parasitic infection.

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5
Q

Neoplasm

A

New and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body.

Ie. in cancer

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6
Q

Pneumonia

A

Viral, bacterial or mycotoxins infection of the respiratory tract.

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7
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs arising from the bronchi Or bronchioles.
-characterized by patchy areas of pulmonary consolidation

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8
Q

Pulmonary consolidation

A

A region of normally compressible lung tissue that has filled up with liquid instead of air
- marked by induration (swelling or hardening of normally soft tissue)

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9
Q

Emphysema

A

Abnormal and permanent enlargement of less functional gas-exchange surface accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis.
Loss of elastic recoil

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10
Q

Pink puffer

A

A emphasyma sufferer.

Don’t lack oxygen. Purses lips slows down air going out but breathing rate goes up

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11
Q

Centriacinar emphysema

A

Distended respiratory bronchioles due to inflammation.

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12
Q

Panacinar emphysema

A

Alpha 1 antitryspin deficiency.

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13
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

Refers to VQ.

A condition of increased blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs

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14
Q

What are the three main types of emphysema?

A
  1. Centriacinar emphysema
  2. Panacinar emphysema
  3. Intrinsic emphysema
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15
Q

What are the 4 phases of asthma?

A
  1. Mild intermittent
  2. Mild persistent
  3. Moderate persistent
    4 severe persistent
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16
Q

In acute respiratory failure, what characterizes it??

A

Hypoxemia

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17
Q

Hypoxemia

A

An abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood.

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18
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Most severe form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolo-capillary injury.
Injury to pulmonary capillary endothelium
-surfactant inactivation

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19
Q

What happens if the pulmonary capillary endothelium is injured?

A

Surfactant cannot be produced

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20
Q

What conditions can cause IRDS?

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

Prematurity with inadequate surfactant production

- leads to massive atelectasis

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21
Q

What happens in IRDS? (Infant respiratory distress syndrome)

A

Atelectasis and hypoxia cause pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary Hypertension, and blood shunting.
- epithelial damage and fibrin deposits in the airspaces

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22
Q

What is the mean rise in pulmonary artery pressure for pulmonary hypertension to be considered?

A

5-10 mm Hg

Total pressure of 20 mm of Hg.

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23
Q

How does a person with pulmonary hypertension sleep?

A

In a semi sitting position

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24
Q

Hyperpnoea

A

Abnormal breathing patterns

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25
Centrianinca
Abnormal big cavities that are near to bronchus
26
Virchow triad
Venous stasis, hypercoagulability, injuries to the endothelial cells that line the vessels (in trauma) Three broad categories thought to contribute to thrombosis
27
Coagulability
To cause transformation of a liquid into a soft, semisolid, or solid mass
28
cor pulmonale
Pulmonary heart disease. | - right ventricle enlargement secondary to pulmonary hypertension
29
What happens to the left ventricle in cor pulmonale?
Dilation makes the left ventricle wall thinner (like blowing up a balloon)
30
True or false Pulmonary hypertension creates acute pressure overload into the right ventricle.
False. Pulmonary hypertension creates chronic* pressure overload into the right ventricle
31
What is another name for hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Allergic alveolitis - hypersensitivity pneumonitis is lung inflammation that occurs after repeat exposure to allergens
32
When do you develop hypoxemic respiratory failure?
When oxygen levels in the blood decrease
33
Does elevated capillary wedge pressure produce pulmonary edema?
Yes if the pressure inside the capillaries is elevated
34
Can a decrease in plasma inciting pressure produce pulmonary edema?
Yes because inciting pressure mean low proteins therefor there is no force to pull water into the capillaries.
35
Can bronchi by secretions lead to atelectasis?
Yes
36
Can bronchiectasis lead to atelectasis?
Yes
37
What is the name of one inflammatory process that affects bronchioles and may alter the VQ?
Bronchiolitis
38
I hat is the name for when air gets sucked in during inspiration through the thorax, through a thoracic wound and exits through exhalation?
Normotensive pneumothorax
39
What is the synonym for pneumothorax?
Hypertensive pneumothorax
40
Shunting
When venous blood enters the bloodstream without passing through functioning lung tissue
41
What is the name of the collection of blood inside the pleural cavity?
Hemothorax
42
What is the name of the collection of pus inside the pleura?
Empyema
43
What is the name of the Lymphatic collection within the pleural cavity that occurs due to either disruption or obstruction to the thoracic duct?
Chylothorax
44
What is the difference between a lung abscess and a lung cyst?
Cyst- hole covered by a membrane and full of clear liquid | Abscess- hole covered by a membrane but full of pus
45
What kind on pneumothorax is life threatening?
Tension pneumothorax/ hypertensive pneumothorax
46
What is the Virchow triad?
Venous stasis, hypercoagulability, embolization and heart failure
47
What is the most common reason for developing one lung abscess?
Pneumonia
48
What is the most common reason for spontaneous pneumothorax?
Bullae
49
Can spontaneous pneumothorax become hypertensive pneumothorax?
Yes
50
The fluid collection into the pleural space through compression may lead to atelectasis is called ...?
Pleural effusion
51
Mesothelioma
Big, bulky tumours that can fill the chest cavity. | Caused by asbestos exposure
52
What cancer is commonly caused by asbestos exposure?
Mesothelioma
53
Can mono malnutrition lead to transudative diffusion?
Yes
54
Can congestive heart failure lead to transudative diffusion?
Yes
55
Can minor post infectious pleuritis lead to transudative diffusion?
No because white blood cells create pus
56
What is the alternative name for empiema?
Pyothorax
57
What is the name for the thickening of the pleura?
Diffuse pleura thickening | *one of the most commonly diagnosed signs of asbestos exposure
58
Pneunoconiosis
Disease of the lungs due to the inhalation or micro particulate
59
What is a flair chest?
Consecutive double fractures of the ribs
60
What would happen if if you were given oxygen at 50 L/minute?
Hydroxide poisoning
61
Hyaline membrane disease
Lack of surfactant factor
62
Asthma
Inflammation results from hyperresponsiveness of the airways
63
True of false. Asthma is the only reversible COPD.
True
64
True or false. Comics is aspirated vomit that caused choking
False. Vomica is coughing out the contents of an abscess that eroded the bronchus open
65
Chest infiltrate
A substance denser than air (pus, blood, protein) which lingers lingers within the parenchyma of the lungs.
66
What happens in epyema?
Infected pleural effusion with pus
67
Hemothorax
Blood in pleural space
68
Intrinsic asthma
Triggered by respiratory tract infections and drugs (aspirin) *not an allergy
69
Exploratory wheezing
Air tries to remain inside the lungs
70
Exudative effusion
Looks like soup or blood Increased WBC and protein concentration in the fluid between pleuras

Dr Naders Pathology (3 decks)

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