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Dr Naders Pathology > Cardio Pathology > Flashcards

Cardio Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Varicose vein

A

Vein where blood has pooled
Distended, tortuous, and palpable
Cause by trauma or gradual venous distension

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2
Q

Chronic venous insufficiency

A

Inadequate venous return over a long period due to varicose veins or valvular incompetence
- venous state ulcers

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3
Q

Deep venous thrombosis

A
  • obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure
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4
Q

What are the three factors for deep venous thrombosis?

A
  1. Venous stasis
  2. Venous endothelial damage
  3. Hypercoagulabile state
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5
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome

A
  • progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distension of upper extremities and head
  • oncologic emergency
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6
Q

Primary Hypertension

A
  • essential or idiopathic Hypertension

- genetic and environmental factors

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7
Q

92-95% of people with hypertension are classified into what category or hypertension?

A

Primary hypertension

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8
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The construction of blood vessels, which increases BP

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9
Q

What is another name for hypertension?

A

High BP

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10
Q

Can insulin resistance cause primary hypertension?

A

Yes

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11
Q

how is Secondary hypertension caused?

A

Caused by a systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output

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12
Q

Isolated systolic hypertension

A

Elevations of systolic pressure are caused by increases in cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, or both

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13
Q

Complicated hypertension

A
  • complicated hypertensive damage to the walls or systemic blood vessels
  • smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia with fibrosis of the tunica intima and media
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14
Q

Malignant Hypertension

A

Rapidly progressive hypertension

- diastolic pressure is usually > 140 mm Hg

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15
Q

How is Stage 1 hypertension treated? (140-159 mmHg or 90-99 mmHg)

A

Thiazide-type diuretics

- May consider ACE inhibitor, ARB, beta blocker, CCB, or combination

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16
Q

What is considered hypertension for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease?

A

<130/80 mmHg

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17
Q

Treatment for Stage 2 Hypertension

- >160 mmHg or >100mmHg

A

Two drug combination of usually thiazide- type diuretic and ACE inhibitor.
OR
ARB or beta blockers or CCB

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18
Q

Orthorstatic (postural) hypotension

A
  • decreased is both systolic and diastolic BP upon standing

- lack of normal BP compensation in response to gravitational changes on the circulation

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19
Q

Aneurysm

A

Local dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber

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20
Q

What are the three types of true aneurysms?

A
  1. Fusiform aneurysm
  2. Circumferential aneurysm
  3. Saccular aneurysm
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21
Q

What is a false aneurysm?

A

An extra vascular hematoma that communicates with the intravascular space

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22
Q

What is a common cause for false aneurysms?

A

A leak occurs between a vascular graft and a natural artery

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23
Q

How many layers of the arterial wall is involved when an aneurysm is formed?

A

The outermost tunica intima, the tunic media, and tunic externa

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24
Q

True or false. The tunic externa is the innermost layer of the arterial wall and contains a basement membrane

A

False. The turnica intima is the innermost later with a basement membrane

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25
Q

What shape are saccular aneurysms?

A

Spherical

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26
Q

How is a thrombus formed?

A

A blood clot remains attached to the vessel wall

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27
Q

Thromboembolism

A

Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation

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28
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

An inflammatory process that causes a blood clot for form and block one or more veins, usually in the legs.

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29
Q

What is the difference between a deep vein thrombosis and a superficial thrombophlebitis?

A

Geography. Deep vein thrombosis occurs deep within a muscle and thrombophlebitis is likely to appear near the surface of the skin.

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30
Q

Arterial thrombi

A

Blood clot in the artery

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31
Q

Venous thrombi

A

Blood clot in the veins

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32
Q

Embolism

A

Bolus of matter that is in circulation in the blood stream.

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33
Q

What are three things that can cause and embolism?

A

Dislodged thrombus, air bubble, amniotic fluid, aggregate of fat, bacteria, cancer cells, or a foreign substance

34
Q

Peripheral artery disease

A

Atherosclerotic disease of the arteries that perfume the limbs

35
Q

Atherosclerotic

A

Build up of plaque in the arteries

36
Q

Thromboangiitis obiterans

A

Inflammatory disease of peripheral arteries resulting in the formation of non atherosclerotic lesions
It obliterates the small and medium sized arteries

37
Q

What is Buerger disease?

A

Thromboangiitis obliterans

38
Q

What is the main cause of thromboangiitis?

A

Smoking. Usually it is developed in middle aged men.

39
Q

What arteries can a thromboangiitis occur?

A

Digital, tibial, plantar, ulnar, and pamper arteries

40
Q

What are common symptoms of thromboangiitis obliterans?

A

Pain, temderness, and hair loss in the affected area. Can often lead to gangrenous lesions.

41
Q

Raynaud phenomenon

A

Episodic vasospasm in arteries and arterioles of the fingers, less commonly the toes

42
Q

Raynaud disease

A

A primary vasospastic disorder of unknown origin

43
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Chronic disease of the arterial system

  • abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls
  • smooth muscle cells and collagen fivers migrate to the tunica intima
44
Q

Atherosclerotic

A

A form of arteriosclerosis

  • thinking and gardening is caused by accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall
  • plaque development
45
Q

How is atherosclerosis develop?

A
  • inflammation of endothelium
  • cellular proliferation
  • macrophage migration
  • LDL oxidation (foam cell formation)
  • Fatty streak
  • Fibrous plaque
  • complicated plaque
46
Q

LDL Oxidization

A

A harmful type of cholesterol that is produced in your body when normal LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol is damaged by chemical interactions with free radicals.

47
Q

Peripheral arterial disease

A

Atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfume limbs

Intermittent claudication

48
Q

Claudication

A

A condition in which cramping pain in legs is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries

49
Q

Perfuse

A

Supply (an organ or tissue) with a fluid, typically treated blood or a blood substitute, by circulating it through blood vessels or other natural channels

50
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Any vascular disorder that narrows or occluded the coronary arteries
- atherosclerosis is the most common cause

51
Q

What are the risk factors when it comes to coronary artery disease?

A 
Dyslipidemia
Hypertension 
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity/ sedentary lifestyle
52
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

An abnormal amount of lipids in the blood (ie cholesterol, triglycerides, fat phospholipids)

53
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

A disorder in which the amount of sugar in the blood is elevated

54
Q

What are the markers for inflammation and thrombosis in arterial vessels?

A

C-reactive protein
Fibrinogen
Protein C
Plasminogen activator inhibitor

55
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

Local, temporary deprivation of the coronary blood supply
Stable angina
Prinzmetal angina
Silent ischemia

56
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Sudden and extended obstruction of the myocardial blood supply.

57
Q

Transmural myocardial infarction

A

Refers to a myocardial infarction that involves the full thickness of the myocardium.

58
Q

Subendocardial infarction

A

A myocardial infarction that happens beneath the endocardium

59
Q

What can happen after a myocardial infarction?

A

Cellular injury
Cellular death
Structural and functional changes (myocardial stunning, hibernating myocardium, myocardial remodelling)
Repair

60
Q

Myocardial stunning

A

The reversible reduction of function of heart contraction after reperfusion not accounted for by tissue damage or reduced blood flow

61
Q

Reperfusion injury

A

Tissue damage cause when blood supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia or lack or oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia)

62
Q

Ischemia

A

An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.

63
Q

Hibernating myocardium

A

A state when some segments of the myocardium exhibit abnormalities of contractile function

64
Q

Myocardial remodelling

A

Changes to the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart.

65
Q

Three disorders of the pericardium

A
  1. Acute pericarditis
  2. Pericardial effusion (Tamponade)
  3. Constrictive pericarditis
66
Q

Cardiomyopathies

A

Disorder of the myocardium

Disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body

67
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

A condition in which the hearts ability to pump blood is decreased because the left ventricle is enlarged and weakened.

68
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

A condition in which a portion of the heart becomes thickened without an obvious cause.

  • Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy
  • Hypertensive (valvular hypertrophic) cardiomyopathy
69
Q

Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy

A

A condition that occurs when heart muscles cells enlarge, causing the walls of the ventricles (typically the left) to become thick and stiff.

70
Q

Hypertensive cardiomyopathy

A

Structural cardiac disorder.

71
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Characterized by restrictive filling of the ventricles. contractile function is normal but relaxation is abnormal.

72
Q

Valvular dysfunction

A

When any of the four valves fail to function properly.
Reduce blood flow, let blood back up or leak into areas where it shouldn’t and overtax the myocardium leading to heart failure.

73
Q

Valvular stenosis

A

The tissue forming the valve leaflets become stiffer, narrowing the valve opening and reducing the amount of blood that can flow through it.

  • aortic stenosis
  • mitral stenosis
74
Q

Valvular regurgitation

A

Leaking heart valves

  • aortic regurgitation
  • mitral regurgitation
  • tricuspid regurgitation
75
Q

Mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVP)

A

Common condition in which one or both cusps of the mortal valve bulge or prolapse into the left atrium during systole.

76
Q

Acute rheumatic fever

A

Diffuse, inflammatory disease caused by a delayed immune response to infection by the group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
- if left untreated, rheumatic fever causes rheumatic heart disease

77
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

A complication of rheumatic fever in which the heart valves are damaged.

78
Q

Fibrils illness

A

A fever with unknown origins

79
Q

Infective Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardium by bacteria, viruses, rickettsial, and parasites

80
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The manner of development of a disease

81
Q

Dysrhythmias

A

Disturbance of the heart rhythm

  • range from occasional “missed” or rapid beats to severe disturbances that affect the pumping ability of the heart
  • can be caused by an abnormal rate of impulse generation or abnormal impulse conduction

Dr Naders Pathology (3 decks)

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