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Dr Naders Pathology > Cardio Pathology > Flashcards

Cardio Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Varicose vein

A

Vein where blood has pooled
Distended, tortuous, and palpable
Cause by trauma or gradual venous distension

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2
Q

Chronic venous insufficiency

A

Inadequate venous return over a long period due to varicose veins or valvular incompetence
- venous state ulcers

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3
Q

Deep venous thrombosis

A
  • obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure
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4
Q

What are the three factors for deep venous thrombosis?

A
  1. Venous stasis
  2. Venous endothelial damage
  3. Hypercoagulabile state
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5
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome

A
  • progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distension of upper extremities and head
  • oncologic emergency
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6
Q

Primary Hypertension

A
  • essential or idiopathic Hypertension

- genetic and environmental factors

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7
Q

92-95% of people with hypertension are classified into what category or hypertension?

A

Primary hypertension

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8
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The construction of blood vessels, which increases BP

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9
Q

What is another name for hypertension?

A

High BP

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10
Q

Can insulin resistance cause primary hypertension?

A

Yes

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11
Q

how is Secondary hypertension caused?

A

Caused by a systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output

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12
Q

Isolated systolic hypertension

A

Elevations of systolic pressure are caused by increases in cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, or both

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13
Q

Complicated hypertension

A
  • complicated hypertensive damage to the walls or systemic blood vessels
  • smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia with fibrosis of the tunica intima and media
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14
Q

Malignant Hypertension

A

Rapidly progressive hypertension

- diastolic pressure is usually > 140 mm Hg

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15
Q

How is Stage 1 hypertension treated? (140-159 mmHg or 90-99 mmHg)

A

Thiazide-type diuretics

- May consider ACE inhibitor, ARB, beta blocker, CCB, or combination

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16
Q

What is considered hypertension for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease?

A

<130/80 mmHg

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17
Q

Treatment for Stage 2 Hypertension

- >160 mmHg or >100mmHg

A

Two drug combination of usually thiazide- type diuretic and ACE inhibitor.
OR
ARB or beta blockers or CCB

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18
Q

Orthorstatic (postural) hypotension

A
  • decreased is both systolic and diastolic BP upon standing

- lack of normal BP compensation in response to gravitational changes on the circulation

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19
Q

Aneurysm

A

Local dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber

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20
Q

What are the three types of true aneurysms?

A
  1. Fusiform aneurysm
  2. Circumferential aneurysm
  3. Saccular aneurysm
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21
Q

What is a false aneurysm?

A

An extra vascular hematoma that communicates with the intravascular space

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22
Q

What is a common cause for false aneurysms?

A

A leak occurs between a vascular graft and a natural artery

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23
Q

How many layers of the arterial wall is involved when an aneurysm is formed?

A

The outermost tunica intima, the tunic media, and tunic externa

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24
Q

True or false. The tunic externa is the innermost layer of the arterial wall and contains a basement membrane

A

False. The turnica intima is the innermost later with a basement membrane

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25
What shape are saccular aneurysms?
Spherical
26
How is a thrombus formed?
A blood clot remains attached to the vessel wall
27
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation
28
Thrombophlebitis
An inflammatory process that causes a blood clot for form and block one or more veins, usually in the legs.
29
What is the difference between a deep vein thrombosis and a superficial thrombophlebitis?
Geography. Deep vein thrombosis occurs deep within a muscle and thrombophlebitis is likely to appear near the surface of the skin.
30
Arterial thrombi
Blood clot in the artery
31
Venous thrombi
Blood clot in the veins
32
Embolism
Bolus of matter that is in circulation in the blood stream.
33
What are three things that can cause and embolism?
Dislodged thrombus, air bubble, amniotic fluid, aggregate of fat, bacteria, cancer cells, or a foreign substance
34
Peripheral artery disease
Atherosclerotic disease of the arteries that perfume the limbs
35
Atherosclerotic
Build up of plaque in the arteries
36
Thromboangiitis obiterans
Inflammatory disease of peripheral arteries resulting in the formation of non atherosclerotic lesions It obliterates the small and medium sized arteries
37
What is Buerger disease?
Thromboangiitis obliterans
38
What is the main cause of thromboangiitis?
Smoking. Usually it is developed in middle aged men.
39
What arteries can a thromboangiitis occur?
Digital, tibial, plantar, ulnar, and pamper arteries
40
What are common symptoms of thromboangiitis obliterans?
Pain, temderness, and hair loss in the affected area. Can often lead to gangrenous lesions.
41
Raynaud phenomenon
Episodic vasospasm in arteries and arterioles of the fingers, less commonly the toes
42
Raynaud disease
A primary vasospastic disorder of unknown origin
43
Arteriosclerosis
Chronic disease of the arterial system - abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls - smooth muscle cells and collagen fivers migrate to the tunica intima
44
Atherosclerotic
A form of arteriosclerosis - thinking and gardening is caused by accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall - plaque development
45
How is atherosclerosis develop?
- inflammation of endothelium - cellular proliferation - macrophage migration - LDL oxidation (foam cell formation) - Fatty streak - Fibrous plaque - complicated plaque
46
LDL Oxidization
A harmful type of cholesterol that is produced in your body when normal LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol is damaged by chemical interactions with free radicals.
47
Peripheral arterial disease
Atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfume limbs | Intermittent claudication
48
Claudication
A condition in which cramping pain in legs is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries
49
Perfuse
Supply (an organ or tissue) with a fluid, typically treated blood or a blood substitute, by circulating it through blood vessels or other natural channels
50
Coronary artery disease
Any vascular disorder that narrows or occluded the coronary arteries - atherosclerosis is the most common cause
51
What are the risk factors when it comes to coronary artery disease?
``` Dyslipidemia Hypertension Cigarette smoking Diabetes mellitus Obesity/ sedentary lifestyle ```
52
Dyslipidemia
An abnormal amount of lipids in the blood (ie cholesterol, triglycerides, fat phospholipids)
53
Diabetes mellitus
A disorder in which the amount of sugar in the blood is elevated
54
What are the markers for inflammation and thrombosis in arterial vessels?
C-reactive protein Fibrinogen Protein C Plasminogen activator inhibitor
55
Myocardial ischemia
Local, temporary deprivation of the coronary blood supply Stable angina Prinzmetal angina Silent ischemia
56
Myocardial infarction
Sudden and extended obstruction of the myocardial blood supply.
57
Transmural myocardial infarction
Refers to a myocardial infarction that involves the full thickness of the myocardium.
58
Subendocardial infarction
A myocardial infarction that happens beneath the endocardium
59
What can happen after a myocardial infarction?
Cellular injury Cellular death Structural and functional changes (myocardial stunning, hibernating myocardium, myocardial remodelling) Repair
60
Myocardial stunning
The reversible reduction of function of heart contraction after reperfusion not accounted for by tissue damage or reduced blood flow
61
Reperfusion injury
Tissue damage cause when blood supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia or lack or oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia)
62
Ischemia
An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
63
Hibernating myocardium
A state when some segments of the myocardium exhibit abnormalities of contractile function
64
Myocardial remodelling
Changes to the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart.
65
Three disorders of the pericardium
1. Acute pericarditis 2. Pericardial effusion (Tamponade) 3. Constrictive pericarditis
66
Cardiomyopathies
Disorder of the myocardium | Disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body
67
Dilated cardiomyopathy
A condition in which the hearts ability to pump blood is decreased because the left ventricle is enlarged and weakened.
68
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A condition in which a portion of the heart becomes thickened without an obvious cause. * Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy * Hypertensive (valvular hypertrophic) cardiomyopathy
69
Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy
A condition that occurs when heart muscles cells enlarge, causing the walls of the ventricles (typically the left) to become thick and stiff.
70
Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
Structural cardiac disorder.
71
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Characterized by restrictive filling of the ventricles. contractile function is normal but relaxation is abnormal.
72
Valvular dysfunction
When any of the four valves fail to function properly. Reduce blood flow, let blood back up or leak into areas where it shouldn’t and overtax the myocardium leading to heart failure.
73
Valvular stenosis
The tissue forming the valve leaflets become stiffer, narrowing the valve opening and reducing the amount of blood that can flow through it. - aortic stenosis - mitral stenosis
74
Valvular regurgitation
Leaking heart valves - aortic regurgitation - mitral regurgitation - tricuspid regurgitation
75
Mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVP)
Common condition in which one or both cusps of the mortal valve bulge or prolapse into the left atrium during systole.
76
Acute rheumatic fever
Diffuse, inflammatory disease caused by a delayed immune response to infection by the group A beta-hemolytic streptococci - if left untreated, rheumatic fever causes rheumatic heart disease
77
Rheumatic heart disease
A complication of rheumatic fever in which the heart valves are damaged.
78
Fibrils illness
A fever with unknown origins
79
Infective Endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium by bacteria, viruses, rickettsial, and parasites
80
Pathogenesis
The manner of development of a disease
81
Dysrhythmias
Disturbance of the heart rhythm - range from occasional “missed” or rapid beats to severe disturbances that affect the pumping ability of the heart - can be caused by an abnormal rate of impulse generation or abnormal impulse conduction

Dr Naders Pathology (3 decks)

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