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Pulmonology > Pulmonary Overview > Flashcards

Pulmonary Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Name how many lobes each lung has

A

3 - Right lung: upper, middle, and lower lobes

2 - Left lung: upper and lower lobes

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2
Q

The trachea bifurcates into its mainstem bronchi at the levels of the ____ anteriorly and the _____ posteriorly

A

sternal angle

T4 spinous process

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3
Q

What are serous membranes that cover the outer surface of
each lung?

A

The pleurae

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4
Q

the pleura that cover the outer surface of each lung

A

visceral pleura

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5
Q

the pleura that cover the inner rib cage and upper surface of the diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

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6
Q

The main buffer system utilized by the body is the what?

A

bicarbonate buffer system

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7
Q

What is the major Respiratory Component because it depends upon the rate of respiration?

A

pCO2

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8
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system is unique because why?

A

It has a huge buffering capacity because it communicates with air – it is an open system

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9
Q

What is the major Metabolic Component because its plasma concentration is maintained by the kidney, and is affected by amount of nonvolatile acids made?

A

HCO3

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10
Q

Increase in pCO2 (and decrease in pH) results in what?

A

increase in respiratory rate

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11
Q

Receptors in carotid bodies and in the aortic arch are sensitive to what?

A

arterial pO2 (the partial pressure of oxygen)

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12
Q

Decrease in pO2 level of what then results in the respiratory rate increasing?

A

pO2 < 60mmHg

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13
Q

Central chemoreceptors in the Medulla are sensitive to what?

A

pCO2 and pH

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14
Q

On pulse oximetry, a level less than what requires oxygen?

A

Less than 88%,

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15
Q

Pulmonary function testing measures what?

A

how well you are breathing

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16
Q

Pulmonary function testing provides objective data on what four factors?

A

Type of disease
Severity of disease
Changes in the disease
Response to treatment

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17
Q

Pulmonary function testing will give what three categories of information?

A

Lung volumes
Flow rates
Diffusing capacity

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18
Q

Volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximum inspiration/amount of air contained in the fully expanded lung

A

Total lung capacity

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19
Q

The amount of air breathed in (inspired) or out (expired) during normal respiration (spontaneous breath)

A

Tidal volume

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20
Q

The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal breath in

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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21
Q

The amount of air left in the lung at end of normal breathing exhalation

A

Functional residual capacity

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22
Q

The amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a maximal inspiration

A

Vital capacity

23
Q

The amount of air left in the lung after a maximal exhalation (never expired)

A

Residual volume

24
Q

The volume that can be inhaled after a tidal breath – out

A

Inspiratory capacity

25
Q

The amount of additional air that can be breathed out after normal expiration

A

Expiratory reserve volume

26
Q

How much air you can blow out (very important)

A

Forced vital capacity

27
Q

If someone had fluid in their lungs for example, this would be reduced

A

Forced vital capacity

28
Q

During a forced vital capacity, the amount exhaled in the first second of a forced expiration

A

Forced expiratory volume 1 second

29
Q

Normal lungs can get about what percentage of our FVC out in the first second?

A

80%

30
Q

Extremely important to determine if they have obstructive disease (can’t get the air out)

A

Forced expiratory volume 1 second

31
Q

Indicates both large and small airway function

A

Forced expiratory volume 1 second

32
Q

Measures flow generated during the mid-portion of the forced expiratory maneuver

A

Forced expiratory flow

33
Q

Indicates large airway patency

Measures the highest flow that can be generated by the patient forcefully blowing after fully inflating the lungs

A

PEP

34
Q

The ratio of FEV1 and FVC is an indication of what?

A

obstruction to air flow

35
Q

What is the most important parameter to use?

A

FEV1/FVC

36
Q

Tests airflow rates and lung volumes
Ability of lungs to transfer gas across the alveolar-capillary membrane
Can be used to diagnose lung disease

A

Spirometry

37
Q

In interpreting PFTs, “normal” is considered anything ____ of predicted
based on age? (what percentage)

A

> 79%

38
Q

ABGs look at which two categories?

A

oxygenation and acid/base balance

39
Q

It is necessary for the body to maintain the blood pH within a very narrow range of what?

A

7.35-7.45

40
Q

pH < 7.35

A

Acidosis

41
Q

pH >7.45

A

Alkalosis

42
Q

What are the four major components of the ABG?

A

pH
PaO2
PaCO2
HCO3⁻

43
Q

What is a measure of the respiratory component of ABGs?

A

PaCO2

44
Q

What is a measure of the metabolic component of ABGs?

A

HCO3-

45
Q

What are the four types of Acid-Base abnormalities?

A

Metabolic Acidosis – decrease in plasma HCO3⁻
Metabolic Alkalosis– increase in plasma HCO3⁻

Respiratory Acidosis – increase in pCO2
Respiratory Alkalosis – decrease in pCO2

If pCO2 is cause = respiratory
If HCO3 is cause = metabolic

46
Q

Caused by any process which decreases the ability of lungs to exchange CO2 for O2

pH decreases; pCO2 increases; hyperkalemia

A

Respiratory Acidosis

47
Q

Caused by any process which increases respiratory rate

pH increases; pCO2 decreases; hypokalemia

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

48
Q

Caused by any process that decreases acid or increases bicarbonate

A

Metabolic alkalosis

49
Q

Caused by any process that increases accumulation of acids or decreases amount of bicarbonate

A

Metabolic acidosis

50
Q

Compensation is by adjusting respiratory rate and pCO2 (occurs over
minutes/hours)

A

Metabolic acidosis = decrease in pCO2

Metabolic alkalosis = increase in pCO2

51
Q

This is normally <15 mm Hg but will increase with age

A

Alveolar-Arterial Oxygen Gradient

52
Q

What is 20x more soluble in plasma than oxygen?

A

CO2

53
Q

The greater the oxygenation of hemoglobin in the capillaries the ____
ability to bind CO2

A

less

54
Q

CO2 is carried in the blood as? (3 answers)

A

HCO3⁻
CO2 dissolved in plasma
Carbaminohemoglobin

Pulmonology (8 decks)

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