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Pathophys > Pulmonary Module 1: Structure and Function of Pulmonary System > Flashcards

Pulmonary Module 1: Structure and Function of Pulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the velocity in the trachea and what size are the cross sections

A

V= high

Cross sections = small

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2
Q

Where does trachea bifurcate

A

Carina, sternal angle

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3
Q

How many lobes in the R/L lung

A

R=3 L=2

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4
Q

Bronchi divide until they become ____ and finally ____ ____.

A

Terminal, Respiratory broncholies

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5
Q

The tracheal tree terminates at:

A

Acinus

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6
Q

The acinus is composed of three structures

A

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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7
Q

Acinus is the region of

A

gas exchange

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8
Q

Primary function of pulmonary system

A

gas exchange

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9
Q

Non respiration functions of pulmonary system (5)

A
  1. Phonation (sound)
  2. Acid base balance
  3. Pulmonary defense (warm air)
  4. Metabolic role
  5. Air filtration and removal of particles
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10
Q

Name 2 mechanisms of defense in the filtration and removal of FB

A
  1. particles trapped in mucus sheath lining of tubules

2. FB removed by ciliary actions and refluxes

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11
Q

Ciliary action =

A

mucus escalator

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12
Q

Reflexs: Irritant receptors produce what

A

Sneeze (nasopharynx) and cough (trachea)

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13
Q

2 functionally divided regions

A

Conducting zone and respiratory zone

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14
Q

Conducting zone consist of what part of respiratory tract

A

Upper resp tract and terminal bronchioles

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15
Q

There are no _____ in the conducting zone

A

alveoli

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16
Q

First ___ generations of tracheal tree represent conduct zone

A

16

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17
Q

Primary function of the conducting zone

A

provide passage of air into and out of gas exchange areas of lung

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18
Q

Does gas exchange occur in the conducting zone

A

NO

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19
Q

Air flow in the conductive zone is initially:

A

Fast

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20
Q

Air flow in the conductive zone is initially fast, then progressively slows because:

A

tracheal tree due to small structures

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21
Q

What is the anatomical dead space

A

Volume brought into lungs but does not reach the respiratory zone “gas exchange region”

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22
Q

Name 3 defense mechanisms of the conducting zone

A
  1. mucocillary escalator - cilia
  2. Sneeze - nose
  3. Cough
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23
Q

Particles >10 um in diameter. 2-10 um in diameter. <2 um in diameter. where are they filtered out

A

> 10 = sneeze. 2-10 cough from bronchioles. <2 phagocytes/macrophages engulf FB

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24
Q

2 sections of the respiratory airway zone

A
  1. Transitional section

2. Respiratory section

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25
Respiratory airway zone form by what structures
Respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs
26
Alveoli found staring at ____th - ____th division (generation)
17-19
27
Alveoli completely line the ____the - 22nd division
20
28
Alveoli sac represent the ___rd generation
23
29
Acinus includes what structures
Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs
30
Bronchioles are the first site of
gas exchange
31
Alveolar ducts are:
portion that is surrounded by grape like clusters of alveoli
32
Alveolar sacs are:
Clusters of single alveoli
33
Where are Pores of Kohn found
Alveolar sacs
34
What do the Pores of Kohn allow
adjacent alveoli to exchange air between each other
35
Alveoli is the site for what to occur
primary gas exchange
36
Alveolar septa consists of 2 layers
epitheal layer and basement membrane
37
Type 1 alveolar cells are
the physical structure of alveoli
38
Type 2 alveolar cells produce
surfactant
39
What is the basement membrane
Thin elastic layer that allows gas exchange
40
2 defense mechanisms of alveoli
1. Alveolar phagocytes/macrophages NO cough reflex | 2. Wall and lining of the airway
41
Is there a cough reflex in the alveoli?
NO
42
The entire respiratory tract/ tracheal tree is lined by mucus producing cells and ciliates cells EXCEPT:
respiratory bronchioles - region of gas exchange. Ant 1/3 of nose and portions of the pharynx
43
Epithelial lining is composed of what
1. Cilated cells - mucus escalator | 2. mucus producing cells - single exocrine cells distributed between numerous ciliated cells
44
Two types of mucus producing cells found in the airway and there location
1. Goblet cells - prox to bronchioles | 2. Clara cells - located in the Terminal bronchioles
45
Mucus glands are located
located throughout the respiratory tract also produce/secrete mucus. Found deep in submucosa (3rd layer connective tissue)
46
Chronic Bronchitis
Hypertrophy of mucus producing cells, too much mucus
47
Cystic fibrosis
genetic - excessive mucus, sweat, digestive juices, mucus accumulated in the lungs promotes infection
48
Pulmonary vs Bronchial Circulation
"un ox blood" vs "ox blood"
49
Function of pulmonary circulation
1. facilitates gas exchange 2. acts as reservoir for L ventricle 3. acts as a filter system to remove particles
50
Alveolocapillary membrane is composed of
alveolar and capillary walls merge together. 1. alveolar epithelium and basement membrane 2. interstitial space 3. capillary basement membrane and epithelium
51
Alveolocapillary membrane is the site of
gas exchange
52
What is the ratio of blood to surface area
100 mL of blood in capillaries spread across 70-100 m2. = 1/10 L spread over 10m x 10m
53
Function of bronchial circulation
Supply nutrients to structures of lungs
54
Function of lymphatic capiliaries
drain structures of lungs
55
Where are lymphatic capillaries located
located throughout tracheal tree through terminal bronchiole NO vessels in sites of gas exchange
56
Chest wall structures consist of
Ribs, intercostal muscles
57
Visceral pleura lines the
lungs
58
Parietal pleura lines the
chest wall
59
Pressure in the pleural space
-4 - -10 mmHg
60
Pneumothorax
air enters pleural cavity, increase pressure in pleural cavity = collapsed lung

Pathophys (3 decks)

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