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Pathophys II - Block 1 > Pulmonary Infections > Flashcards

Pulmonary Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the usual causes of pulmonary infections?

A
  • bacterial

- viral

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2
Q

What are some unusual causes of pulmonary infections?

A
  • fungal

- mycoplamsal

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3
Q

When do pulmonary infections generally occur?

A

Generally occur when host defense mechanisms are impaired

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4
Q

What are some causes for the host defense mechanisms to be impaired?

A
  • Impaired cough reflex
  • Injury to mucociliary apparatus
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Pulmonary vascular congestion and edema
  • Accumulation of secretions
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5
Q

occurs when bacteria enter bronchioles and alveoli and proliferate

A

bacterial pneumonia

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6
Q

What does bacterial pneumonia result in and where?

A

Results in purulent exudate collecting in alveoli, or in bronchioles and surrounding tissue

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7
Q

Is bacterial pneumonia bilateral or unilateral?

A

unilateral

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8
Q

Is bacterial pneumonia unilobar or bilobar?

A

unilobar

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of acute bacterial pneumonia?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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10
Q

What may bacterial pneumonia follow?

A

may follow a viral respiratory infection

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11
Q

What is something you should consider with someone who has bacterial pneumonia?

A

consider immunosuppression

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12
Q

What are the 2 patterns of bacterial pneumonia?

A
  • bronchopneumonia

- lobar pneumonia

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13
Q

Infection within the walls of the bronchioles, may be associated with infection into alveoli

A

bronchopneumonia

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14
Q

What pattern of bacterial pneumonia has patchy consolidation and is unilateral or bilateral?

A

bronchopneumonia

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15
Q

Suppurative fluid fills alveoli

A

lobar pneumonia

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16
Q

What pattern of bacterial pneumonia results in consolidation of a large portion or all of a lob and is usually unilateral?

A

lobar pneumonia

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17
Q

What are some complications of bacterial pneumonia?

A
  • abscess formation
  • empyema
  • organization of the exudate (becomes solid)
  • bacteremia / sepsis
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18
Q

What are symptoms of bacterial pneumonia? (9)

A
  • Typically develop quickly
  • High fever and chills
  • Productive cough with yellow or brown sputum
  • Pleuritic chest pain
  • Shortness of breath
  • Altered mental status (especially in elderly)
  • Loss of appetite
  • Easy fatigue
  • Fatigue
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19
Q

Viral proliferation within respiratory epithelial cells results in inflammation of tissues, transudate/exudate formation

A

viral pneumonia

20
Q

With viral pneumonia, is there generally evidence of consolidation or not?

A

generally no evidence of consolidation

21
Q

Is viral pneumonia usually bilateral or unilateral?

A

often bilateral

22
Q

What are some organisms that cause viral pneumonia?

A
  • Influenza virus A and B – children and elderly
  • Respiratory syncytial viruses
  • Adenovirus
  • Parainfluenza
23
Q

What is something you should consider with someone who has viral pneumonia?

A

consider immunosuppression

24
Q

What are symptoms of viral pneumonia?

A
  • Cough (usually nonproductive)
  • Fever and chills, excessive sweating and clammy skin
  • Shortness of breath
  • Altered mental status (especially elderly)
  • Headache
  • Loss of appetite
  • Easy fatigue
  • Pleuritic chest pain
25
Q

How to you evaluate pneumonia?

A
  • history and PE
  • CXR, CT
  • endoscopic bronchoscopy
  • CBC
  • sputum assessment
  • Legionella and pneumococcus urinary antigen tests
  • PCR
26
Q

What will a CBC for viral pneumonia show?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes are elevated

27
Q

focal infection within a tissue, generally filled with pus

A

abscess

28
Q

4 stages of abscess formation

A
  1. infection
  2. localization/acute inflammation
  3. enlargement
  4. rupture
29
Q

What happens during the infection stage of abscess formation?

A

-Microbes enter tissue and become established

30
Q

What are the sources of infection?

A

Sources include:

  • direct implantation
  • hematogenous spread
  • lymphatic spread
31
Q

What happens during the localization/acute inflammation stage of abscess formation?

A
  • Microbial growth initiates inflammation, attracts neutrophils into area, focuses area of infection
  • Tissue remodeling results in formation of a collagen-rich capsule around the area of inflammation
32
Q

What happens during the enlargement stage of abscess formation?

A
  • As more neutrophils accumulate the abscess enlarges

- Tissue remodeling and capsule formation continues

33
Q

What happens during the rupture stage of abscess formation?

A

The purpose of abscess formation is to eventually cause the purulent fluid to be extruded from the body by rupturing out of the tissue

34
Q

Microbes contained in the ______ may be released into blood or _____ to cause
_______ at another site.

A

Microbes contained in the abscess may be released into blood or lymph to cause infection at another site.

35
Q

What are the causes of pulmonary abscesses?

A
  • aspiration
  • primary bacterial infection
  • septic embolism
  • neoplasia
36
Q

What is the most common cause of pulmonary abscesses?

A

aspiration

37
Q

What are signs and symptoms of pulmonary abscess?

A

-SOB
-hemoptysis
-fever
-pleuritic chest pain
-cough with sputum production
night sweats
anorexia
-weight loss

38
Q

What is the evaluation for an pulmonary abscess?

A
  • history and PE
  • CXR, CT
  • CBC
39
Q

An infection within the pleural space and fluid resulting in accumulation of purulent pleural fluid

A

empyema

40
Q

What is an empyema often caused by?

A

extension of a pulmonary infection

41
Q

What are the stages of an empyema?

A
  • exudative stage
  • fibrinopurulent stage
  • organizational stage
42
Q

What happens in the exudative stage of an empyema?

A

pleural fluid accumulates in the pleural space secondary to inflammation

43
Q

What happens in the fibrinopurulent stage of an empyema?

A
  • bacterial invasion and growth with deposition of fibrin on visceral and parietal pleural membranes
  • formation of fibrinous loculations, adhesions
44
Q

What happens in the organizational stage of an empyema?

A

if the infection progresses, the empyema fluid solidifies into a thick, non-elastic pleural “peel” that inhibit lung expansion, causing a condition known as trapped lung

45
Q

Which stage has a high mortality if it is reached?

A

organizational stage

46
Q

What are signs and syptoms of empyema?

A
  • SOB
  • fever
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • other associated symptoms of pneumonia

Pathophys II - Block 1 (8 decks)

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