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Respiratory > Pulmonary Infections > Flashcards

Pulmonary Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma accompanied by its consolidation.

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2
Q

Define consolidation in the context of pneumonia.

A

Replacement of the air in alveoli by inflammatory exudate.

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3
Q

What happens to the lung during consolidation?

A

Lung loses its spongy appearance, becomes solid, dry, and granular.

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4
Q

What are the nonimmune mechanisms of the respiratory tract’s defense?

A
  • Nasal defenses
  • Laryngeal cough reflex
  • Tracheobronchial mucosal lining
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5
Q

What are the immune mechanisms of the respiratory tract’s defense?

A
  • Alveolar macrophages
  • Immunoglobulins
  • T lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils
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6
Q

List predisposing factors for pneumonia.

A
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Alcoholism
  • Congestive heart failure
  • COPD
  • Bronchial obstruction
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Coma
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7
Q

How is pneumonia classified based on the patient’s health status?

A
  • Primary: in a previously healthy person
  • Secondary: in diabetics, alcoholics, and debilitated patients
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8
Q

What are the two classifications of pneumonia based on the course?

A
  • Acute: fulminant clinical disease
  • Chronic: a more protracted course
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9
Q

What are the pathological classifications of pneumonia?

A
  • Pneumonia with consolidation: Lobar and bronchopneumonia
  • Pneumonia without consolidation: interstitial pneumonitis
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10
Q

What is the etiological classification of pneumonia?

A

Identification of causative organisms.

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11
Q

Describe community-acquired acute pneumonias.

A

Bacterial in origin; follows a viral upper respiratory tract infection.

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12
Q

What is the main causative organism of community-acquired pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (or pneumococcus).

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13
Q

In which groups of patients do pneumococcal infections occur?

A
  • Patients with congestive heart failure, COPD, or diabetes mellitus
  • Patients with congenital or acquired Ig defects
  • In sickle cell disease or post-splenectomy
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14
Q

What are the four stages of inflammatory response in lobar pneumonia?

A
  • Stage of congestion
  • Stage of red hepatization
  • Stage of gray hepatization
  • Stage of resolution
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15
Q

What occurs during the stage of resolution in lobar pneumonia?

A

Lung parenchyma returns to normal.

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16
Q

Describe the characteristics of bronchopneumonia.

A
  • Patchy consolidation affecting one or several lobes
  • Bilateral and basal
  • Areas appear as elevated, dry, granular grayish red to yellow foci
17
Q

What is the fate and prognosis of community-acquired acute pneumonia?

A

With appropriate therapy, complete resolution is the rule.

18
Q

List the complications of community-acquired acute pneumonia.

A
  • Abscess formation
  • Carnification
  • Empyema
  • Bacteremic dissemination
  • Death in type 3 pneumococci infection
19
Q

What are the causative organisms of community-acquired atypical pneumonias?

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Viruses (influenza A or B, respiratory syncytial viruses, coronaviruses)
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
20
Q

What is the clinical picture of atypical pneumonia?

A
  • Acute febrile illness
  • Fever, headache, malaise
  • Cough with minimal sputum +/- respiratory distress
21
Q

What defines hospital-acquired pneumonia?

A

Pulmonary infections acquired during a hospital stay.

22
Q

What are common causative organisms of hospital-acquired pneumonia?

A

Gram-negative rods.

23
Q

Describe aspiration pneumonia.

A

Occurs in markedly debilitated patients and those who aspirate gastric contents.

24
Q

What are the causative organisms of chronic pneumonias?

A
  • Nocardia asteroides
  • Actinomyces israelii
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria
25
Q

What organisms are commonly involved in pneumonias in the immunocompromised host?

A
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Pneumocystis carinii
  • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
  • Invasive aspergillosis
  • Invasive candidiasis

Respiratory (4 decks)

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