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Microbiology SPP 301 > Pulmonary Fungi Infections > Flashcards

Pulmonary Fungi Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of agents causing systemic mycosis?

A

Inherently virulent; Exhibit biochemical and morphological features enabling evasion of host defenses; Four dimorphic, one grows as yeast

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2
Q

What is the primary focus of infection for agents causing systemic mycosis?

A

Lungs

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Histoplasma capsulatum’s parasitic phase?

A

Small budding yeast found almost exclusively in macrophages; Ovoid yeast form measuring 1.5-2.9um; Mould has both micro and macro conidia

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4
Q

What is the most common disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Histoplasmosis

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5
Q

What is the African variant of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Histoplasma duboisii

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6
Q

What is the parasitic phase of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Tuberculate macroconidia formed on short, hyaline, undifferentiated conidiophores

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7
Q

What is the habitat of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Soil, especially in areas contaminated with bat and bird droppings

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8
Q

What is the clinical syndrome in an immunocompetent host infected with Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Asymptomatic or mild flu-like illness in immunocompetent hosts

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9
Q

What are the clinical syndromes in an immunocompromised host infected with Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Disseminated histoplasmosis in immunocompromised hosts; Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

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10
Q

How is Histoplasma capsulatum diagnosed?

A

Serology: Complement Fixation Test using histoplasmin and inactivated whole yeast phase; Direct histopathologic examination of infected tissue; Culture: Blood, urine, sputum

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11
Q

What is the treatment for Histoplasma capsulatum infection?

A

Amphotericin B

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12
Q

What is another name for Blastomyces dermatidis?

A

Ajellomyces dermatidis

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13
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Blastomyces dermatidis infection?

A

Progressive exertional dyspnea, fever, nonproductive cough, chest discomfort

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14
Q

What is the morphology of the yeast phase of Blastomyces dermatidis?

A

Budding yeast, wide-based attachment between mother and daughter cells

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15
Q

What is the morphology of the mold phase of Blastomyces dermatidis?

A

Branching septate hyphae with pyriform microconidia

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16
Q

What is the epidemiological distribution of Blastomyces dermatidis?

A

Mainly limited to North America

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17
Q

How is Blastomyces dermatidis diagnosed?

A

Culture: Readily grown on conventional media; Histopathologic examination shows spherules in tissue; Serodiagnosis: Tube precipitin and Complement fixation tests

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18
Q

What is the treatment for Blastomyces dermatidis infection?

A

Amphotericin B

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19
Q

What is another name for Paracoccidioidomycosis?

A

Lutz-Splendore-Almeida’s disease

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20
Q

What is the morphology of the yeast phase of Paracoccidioidomycosis?

A

Budding yeast, ship’s wheel appearance

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21
Q

What is the morphology of the mold phase of Paracoccidioidomycosis?

A

Branching septate hyphae with no typical pattern of sporulation

22
Q

What is the epidemiology of Paracoccidioidomycosis?

A

Mainly restricted to Central and South America

23
Q

What is the clinical syndrome associated with Paracoccidioidomycosis?

A

Frequently asymptomatic but can become progressive; oral and nasal lesions

24
Q

How is Paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosed?

A

KOH preparations, culture, serodiagnosis

25
What is the treatment for Paracoccidioidomycosis?
Long-term therapy with Amphotericin B; Ketoconazole is also effective
26
What is another name for Coccidioidomycosis?
San Joaquin Valley fever
27
What is the morphology of the mold phase of Coccidioidomycosis?
Branching septate hyphae with alternate cell developing into arthroconidia
28
What is the morphology of the yeast phase of Coccidioidomycosis?
Large spherical structures called spherules filled with endospores
29
What is the epidemiology of Coccidioidomycosis?
North, Central, and South America
30
What are the clinical manifestations of Coccidioidomycosis?
Mild febrile to moderately severe pulmonary disease
31
How is Coccidioidomycosis diagnosed?
Culture, histopathologic examination, serodiagnosis
32
What is the treatment for Coccidioidomycosis?
Long-term therapy with Amphotericin B; Ketoconazole is a useful alternative
33
What is another name for Cryptococcosis?
Acidic mucopolysaccharide capsule
34
What is the morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Pigeon roosts, survives well in dry, alkaline, nitrogen-rich environments
35
What is the distinctive feature of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Solitary pulmonary nodule; meningitis in immunocompromised
36
What is the epidemiology of Cryptococcosis?
Inhalation of dessicated yeast cells and small basidiospores into lungs
37
What are the clinical manifestations of Cryptococcosis?
Definitive diagnosis: Culture, India ink preparation, serodiagnosis
38
How does Cryptococcus neoformans cause infection?
Pulmonary lesions usually self-limited; Amphotericin B for disseminated disease
39
How is Cryptococcosis diagnosed?
Nearly all infected in infancy
40
What is the treatment for Cryptococcosis?
Trophic and cystic forms
41
What are the two distinct forms of Pneumocystis?
Progressive exertional dyspnea, fever, nonproductive cough, chest discomfort
42
What are the clinical manifestations of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)?
Clinical presentation, blood tests, radiographs suggestive but not diagnostic
43
How is PCP diagnosed?
Induced sputum, bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial biopsy
44
What is the preferred primary prophylaxis for PCP?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
45
What are the alternative options for primary prophylaxis for PCP?
Dapsone, aerosolized pentamidine, atovaquone
46
What is an adjunctive treatment for PCP?
Corticosteroids
47
What staining methods are used for the microscopy of Pneumocystis?
Giemsa staining, GMS, Florescence microscopy, Toluidine Blue O, Diff quik
48
What is shown in lung biopsy using silver stain for Pneumocystis?
Lung biopsy using silver stain to demonstrate Pneumocystis organisms in tissue
49
What are the risk factors for PCP?
CD4 count <200 cells/µL, prior PCP, oral thrush, recurrent bacterial pneumonia
50
What has led to a decline in the incidence of PCP in the United States and Western Europe?
Prophylaxis and effective ART, decline in incidence in the United States and Western Europe

Microbiology SPP 301 (5 decks)

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