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Pulm & Heme > Pulmonary Disease > Flashcards

Pulmonary Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Epi

A

Smokers

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2
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms

A

Wheeze, productive cough, dyspnea (especially exertional), muscular wasting

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3
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Airway edema + fibrosis, cyanosis, hyperinflation, ↓breath sounds, black lung fields on CT, reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (<70% exp.), impaired gas exchange (V/Q mismatch), ↑ dead space, hypoventilation

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4
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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5
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Pathophysiology

A

Hypertrophy of mucus glands + goblet cells in bronchioles, basement memb thickening

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6
Q

Chronic Bronchitis: Etiologies

A

Smoking exacerbates

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7
Q

Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema: Treatment I

A

Stage I: risk factor reduction, flu/pneumo vaccine, SABA.

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8
Q

Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema: Treatment II

A

Stage II: LABA, rehab.

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9
Q

Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema: Treatment III

A

Stage III: inhaled corticosteroids.

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10
Q

Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema: Treatment IV

A

Stage IV: long-term O2 therapy, surgery. SMOKING CESSATION!

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11
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Epi

A

Smokers

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12
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Symptoms

A

Wheeze, productive cough, dyspnea (especially exertional), muscular wasting

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13
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Airway edema + fibrosis, cyanosis, hyperinflation, ↓breath sounds, black lung fields on CT, reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (<70% exp.), impaired gas exchange (V/Q mismatch), ↑ dead space, hypoventilation

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14
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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15
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Pathophysiology

A

Destruction of acinar walls by ↑elastase activity → loss of radial traction, increased lung compliance

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16
Q

Emphysema (Centriacinar): Etiologies

A

Smoking, mostly affects upper lobe, spares alveoli

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17
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Epi

A

2% of COPD pts

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18
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Symptoms

A

Wheeze, productive cough, dyspnea (especially exertional), muscular wasting

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19
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Airway edema + fibrosis, cyanosis, hyperinflation, ↓breath sounds, black lung fields on CT, reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (<70% exp.), impaired gas exchange (V/Q mismatch), ↑ dead space, hypoventilation

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20
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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21
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Pathophysiology

A

Congenital cause of COPD; autosomal co-dominant, mutation in SERPINA1 gene leads to excess protease activity, increased lung compliance

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22
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Etiologies

A

Mostly affects lower lobes

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23
Q

α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Treatment

A

Same + IV pooled AAT

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24
Q

Bronchiectasis: Symptoms

A

Hemoptysis, productive cough

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25
Q

Bronchiectasis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

“Soap bubble” appearance on CXR, PMNs and mucus in airways on histology

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26
Q

Bronchiectasis: Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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27
Q

Bronchiectasis: Pathophysiology

A

Chronic necrotizing infection of bronchi → permanently dilated airways, hemoptysis

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28
Q

Bronchiectasis: Etiologies

A

Bronchial obstruction, Kartagener’s, smoking, CF

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29
Q

Bronchiectasis: Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause

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30
Q

Bronchiolitis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Evidence of fibrosis, inflammation on histology

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31
Q

Bronchiolitis: Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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32
Q

Bronchiolitis: Pathophysiology

A

Inflammation of bronchioles, fibrosis

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33
Q

Bronchiolitis: Etiologies

A

RSV, allergic / hypersensitivity

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34
Q

Bronchiolitis: Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause

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35
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Evidence of fibrosis, inflammation on histology

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36
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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37
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Pathophysiology

A

Inflammation of bronchioles, fibrosis

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38
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Etiologies

A

Lung transplant, CTD

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39
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause

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40
Q

Asthma: Epi

A

Clean kids

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41
Q

Asthma: Symptoms

A

Wheeze, cough, chest tightness during attacks

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42
Q

Asthma: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Decline in FEV1 of 20% from baseline, pulsus paradoxus, hypoxemia, hyperinflation, thick wall/narrow lumen, mucus plugging

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43
Q

Asthma: Type

A

Obstructive (COPD)

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44
Q

Asthma: Pathophysiology

A

Airflow obstruction (reversible), bronchial hyperresponsiveness, V/Q mismatch during attacks, alveolar hyperventilation during attacks (hypoventilation if severe, due to fatigue + dead space); Th2 phenotype

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45
Q

Asthma: Etiologies

A

Genetic (FCεR1, CD14, IL-4, IFN, etc.), environment (URIs, stress, allergen re-exposure), prenatal exposures

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46
Q

Asthma: Treatment

A

Inhaled corticosteroids, LABAs; O2 / intubation if severe; Omalizumab is useful in high-risk pts, binds all circulating IgE, blocks mast cell cross-linking without affecting complement

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47
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Epi

A

Older male smoker with fam. Hx

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48
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Symptoms

A

Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough

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49
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud’s, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected

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50
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Type

A

Restrictive (ILD)

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51
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Pathophysiology

A

Fibrosis and thickening of alveolar walls and interstitium, honeycomb lung appearance, bases>apices

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52
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Etiologies

A

Idiopathic; can also have drug-induced, radiation-related, or connective tissue disease-related ILD

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53
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Treatment

A

O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant

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54
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Epi

A

Workers

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55
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough

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56
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud’s, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected

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57
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Type

A

Restrictive (ILD)

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58
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Pathophysiology

A

Inorganic antigen leads to inflammation

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59
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Etiologies

A

Silicosis, asbestosis

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60
Q

Pneumonoconiosis: Treatment

A

O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant

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61
Q

Sarcoidosis: Epi

A

N. Europe, Af-Am

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62
Q

Sarcoidosis: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough

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63
Q

Sarcoidosis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud’s, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected

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64
Q

Sarcoidosis: Type

A

Restrictive (ILD)

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65
Q

Sarcoidosis: Pathophysiology

A

Systemic non-necrotizing granulomatous disease, usually near airways; multi-system, can also get skin plaques, lupus pernio, uveitis with synechiae, hilar adenopathy on CXR

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66
Q

Sarcoidosis: Etiologies

A

Unknown; often reversible

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67
Q

Sarcoidosis: Treatment

A

O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant

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68
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Epi

A

BIRDS

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69
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough

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70
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud’s, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected

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71
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Type

A

Restrictive (ILD)

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72
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Pathophysiology

A

CD4+ Th1 humoral immune response overreacts, leading to Type III + IV hypersensitivity, centrilobular nodules, airway thickening + fibrosis

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73
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Etiologies

A

Birds, fungi, bacteria, chemicals

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74
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Treatment

A

O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant

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75
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Symptoms

A

Acute onset tachypnea, dyspnea

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76
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Hyaline membranes, hypoxemia, diffuse crackles, bilateral infiltrates, consolidation

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77
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Type

A

Restrictive (Resp. Failure)

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78
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Pathophysiology

A

Diffuse alveolar damage, ↑alveolar capillary permeability, inflammatory injury from neutrophils, necrosis lead to hyaline membranes

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79
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Etiologies

A

Pulmonary infxn, shock, sepsis, burns, near-drowning, etc.

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80
Q

ARDS (Acute RDS): Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause, lung protective ventilation (6cc/kg VT), max plateau of 30cm H2O, conservative fluids, ECMO

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81
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Epi

A

Premie

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82
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, hypoxia

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83
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Hyaline membranes, hypoxemia, diffuse crackles, bilateral infiltrates, consolidation

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84
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Type

A

Restrictive (Resp. Failure)

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85
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Pathophysiology

A

Congenital surfactant deficiency, alveolar collapse

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86
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Etiologies

A

Maternal diabetes, C-section, premature

87
Q

NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Treatment

A

Maternal steroids, artificial surfactant

88
Q

Guillain-Barre: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea

89
Q

Guillain-Barre: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis

90
Q

Guillain-Barre: Type

A

Restrictive (Normal Lungs)

91
Q

Guillain-Barre: Pathophysiology

A

For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate

92
Q

Guillain-Barre: Treatment

A

Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation

93
Q

ALS: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea

94
Q

ALS: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis

95
Q

ALS: Type

A

Restrictive (Normal Lungs)

96
Q

ALS: Pathophysiology

A

For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate

97
Q

ALS: Treatment

A

Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation

98
Q

Multiple Sclerosis: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea

99
Q

Multiple Sclerosis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis

100
Q

Multiple Sclerosis: Type

A

Restrictive (Normal Lungs)

101
Q

Multiple Sclerosis: Pathophysiology

A

For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate

102
Q

Multiple Sclerosis: Treatment

A

Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation

103
Q

Muscular Dystrophy: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea

104
Q

Muscular Dystrophy: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis

105
Q

Muscular Dystrophy: Type

A

Restrictive (Normal Lungs)

106
Q

Muscular Dystrophy: Pathophysiology

A

For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate

107
Q

Muscular Dystrophy: Treatment

A

Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation

108
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea

109
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis

110
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Type

A

Restrictive (Normal Lungs)

111
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Pathophysiology

A

For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate

112
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Treatment

A

Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation

113
Q

Pneumonia: Symptoms

114
Q

Pneumonia: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Consolidation, PMNs in alveoli

115
Q

Pneumonia: Type

A

Impaired Gas Exchange

116
Q

Pneumonia: Pathophysiology

A

Inflammation of lung, usually infectious

117
Q

Pneumonia: Etiologies

118
Q

Pneumonia: Treatment

A

Antibiotics, O2

119
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms

120
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Congested, heavy, wet, red lungs

121
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Type

A

Impaired Gas Exchange

122
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Pathophysiology

A

Alveoli fill with fluid, usually bc of ↑hydrostatic pressure

123
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Etiologies

A

Left sided heart failure

124
Q

Pulmonary Edema: Treatment

A

Diuretics, O2, treat heart failure

125
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Epi

126
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Symptoms

127
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Blood-filled, very dark red lungs

128
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Type

A

Impaired Gas Exchange

129
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology

A

Alveoli fill with blood, +/- fibrin, becomes hemosiderin if chronic

130
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Etiologies

A

Goodpasture’s Syn.; Wegener’s granulomatosis

131
Q

Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Treatment

A

O2, treat underlying cause

132
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Epi

A

Hospital, pregnant, casted

133
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Symptoms

A

Pain, swelling, erythema

134
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Asymmetry, warmth, edema, ischemia; Wells Score, D-dimer, ultrasound, venography

135
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Type

A

Vasculature

136
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Pathophysiology

A

Thrombi form in deep calf veins, popliteal/femoral/iliac veins, UE (central line or Paget-Schroetter syndrome)…massive is +stroke or worse, >30% mortality

137
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Etiologies

A

Genetic risk factors, Virchow’s triad (stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability); lack of prophylaxis

138
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Treatment

A

UFH (can reverse with protamine) > LMWH/Fondaparinux; transition to oral warfarin >3 months; for massive, can try catheter-directed thrombolysis or IVC filter

139
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Epi

A

Hospital, pregnant, casted

140
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, pleuritic pain, cough, wheezing

141
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Modified Wells Score, D-dimer, CT angiography; hypoxemia, hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis

142
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Type

A

Vasculature

143
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Pathophysiology

A

Deep vein thrombi move to pulmonary arteries, lodge there, platelets release serotonin in response causing wheeze via vasoconstriction

144
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Etiologies

A

Genetic risk factors, Virchow’s triad (stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability); lack of prophylaxis

145
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Treatment

A

LMWH for hemodynamically stable patients; UFH in unstable patients, or with high risk of bleeding; warfarin >3 months

146
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Epi

A

Conn. tissue disorders

147
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms

A

Dyspnea, fatigue, chest/abd pain, syncope

148
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Hypoxemia, tachycardia, hypotension, right heart hypertrophy, no rales

149
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Type

A

Vasculature

150
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology

A

Mean PA pressure >25 mmHg at rest; due to either ↑CO, ↑LAP, or ↑PVR

151
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Etiologies

A

Small PA vasculopathy (PAH) most common cause

152
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension: Treatment

A

CCB if vasoreactive, Prostanoids, PDE-5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, surgery

153
Q

Vasculitis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Macro nodules

154
Q

Vasculitis: Type

A

Vasculature

155
Q

Vasculitis: Pathophysiology

A

Inflammation of pulmonary vessels

156
Q

Vasculitis: Etiologies AND Treatment

A

1°: autoimmune, 2°: infectious. Treat underlying cause

157
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Epi

A

White folks

158
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Symptoms

A

Recurrent respiratory infections (p. aeruginosa), productive cough, weight loss, dyspnea

159
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Lung inflammation, end-stage bronchiectasis, obstruction, clubbing, V/Q mismatch, ↓↓RV/TLC, hyperinflation, air trapping, salty sweat, pancreatic insufficiency

160
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Type

A

Ion Channel Defect

161
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathophysiology

A

CTFR gene defect on chromosome 7q, commonly ΔF508, inheritance = AR (1/30 Caucasians are carriers), Cl- channel is defective -> secretion of thick mucus in lungs, pancreas, liver, obstructive ventilatory defect

162
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Etiologies

163
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: Treatment

A

Accredited CF center! Mechanical airway clearance, Pulmozyme (recombinant DNAse mucolytic), inhaled hypertonic saline, tobramycin/aztreonam, steroids/ibuprofen/azithromycin, CFTR potentiators/correctors, gene therapy?

164
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Symptoms

A

Pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, trapped lung

165
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Air-fluid level on CXR, free-flowing fluid, soft tissue windows on CT, high metabolic activity on PET

166
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Type

167
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Pathophysiology

A

Either infection (empyema), malignancy (primary mesothelioma or secondary metastatic breast cancer), or chyle (chylothorax) / blood (hemothorax) / ascites (hepatic hydrothorax) gets into the pleural space

168
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Etiologies

A

Infection: bacterial or TB. Malignancy. Other fluids from trauma or collagen vascular disease

169
Q

Exudative Pleural Effusion: Treatment

A

Thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, direct pleural examination

170
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Symptoms

A

Pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, trapped lung

171
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Air-fluid level on CXR, free-flowing fluid, soft tissue windows on CT, high metabolic activity on PET

172
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Type

173
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Pathophysiology

A

Imbalance of pleural fluid production

174
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Etiologies

A

Heart/renal/liver fail

175
Q

Transudative Pleural Effusion: Treatment

A

Thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, direct pleural examination

176
Q

Pneumothorax: Symptoms

A

Pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, trapped lung

177
Q

Pneumothorax: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Collapsed lung on CXR, ↑HR, RR, deviated trach

178
Q

Pneumothorax: Type

179
Q

Pneumothorax: Pathophysiology

A

Leakage of air into pleural space

180
Q

Pneumothorax: Etiologies

181
Q

Pneumothorax: Treatment

A

Thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, direct pleural examination

182
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Epi

A

Obesity, HTN

183
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Symptoms

A

Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death

184
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Cessation of airflow >10s

185
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Type

A

Sleep-Related

186
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Pathophysiology

A

Respiratory effort vs. airway obstruction

187
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Treatment

A

Weight loss, sleep positioning, alcohol/sedative avoidance, oral devices, CPAP

188
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Epi

A

Obesity, HTN

189
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Symptoms

A

Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death

190
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Cessation of airflow >10s

191
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Type

A

Sleep-Related

192
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Pathophysiology

A

Respiratory effort vs. airway obstruction, and also severe hypoxemia, paradoxical breathing, worse outcomes vs. OSA alone

193
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Etiologies

A

COPD + OSA

194
Q

Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Treatment

A

Nocturnal O2 / ventilation

195
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Epi

A

Obesity, HTN

196
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Symptoms

A

Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death

197
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Cessation of airflow >10s

198
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Type

A

Sleep-Related

199
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Pathophysiology

A

Periods of no respiratory effort, arousal from hyperventilation, disrupted sympathovagal balance

200
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Etiologies

A

CHF stimulates vagal receptors in lung

201
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Treatment

A

Treat CHF, give O2, CPAP, maybe CO2, drugs, LVAD?

202
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Epi

A

Obesity, HTN

203
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Symptoms

A

Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death

204
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Signs/Dx Criteria

A

Cessation of airflow >10s

205
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Type

A

Sleep-Related

206
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Pathophysiology

A

Periods of no respiratory effort, extremely irregular

207
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Etiologies

A

Rare congenital

208
Q

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Treatment

A

Ventilation

209
Q

Hypopnea: Epi

A

Obesity, HTN

210
Q

Hypopnea: Symptoms

A

Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death

211
Q

Hypopnea: Signs/Dx Criteria

A

↓airflow >10s

212
Q

Hypopnea: Type

A

Sleep-Related

213
Q

Hypopnea: Pathophysiology

A

Obstructive or non-obstructive

Pulm & Heme (6 decks)

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