Pulmonary Disease Flashcards
1
Q
Chronic Bronchitis: Epi
A
Smokers
2
Q
Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms
A
Wheeze, productive cough, dyspnea (especially exertional), muscular wasting
3
Q
Chronic Bronchitis: Signs/Dx Criteria
A
Airway edema + fibrosis, cyanosis, hyperinflation, ↓breath sounds, black lung fields on CT, reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (<70% exp.), impaired gas exchange (V/Q mismatch), ↑ dead space, hypoventilation
4
Q
Chronic Bronchitis: Type
A
Obstructive (COPD)
5
Q
Chronic Bronchitis: Pathophysiology
A
Hypertrophy of mucus glands + goblet cells in bronchioles, basement memb thickening
6
Q
Chronic Bronchitis: Etiologies
A
Smoking exacerbates
7
Q
Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema: Treatment I
A
Stage I: risk factor reduction, flu/pneumo vaccine, SABA.
8
Q
Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema: Treatment II
A
Stage II: LABA, rehab.
9
Q
Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema: Treatment III
A
Stage III: inhaled corticosteroids.
10
Q
Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema: Treatment IV
A
Stage IV: long-term O2 therapy, surgery. SMOKING CESSATION!
11
Q
Emphysema (Centriacinar): Epi
A
Smokers
12
Q
Emphysema (Centriacinar): Symptoms
A
Wheeze, productive cough, dyspnea (especially exertional), muscular wasting
13
Q
Emphysema (Centriacinar): Signs/Dx Criteria
A
Airway edema + fibrosis, cyanosis, hyperinflation, ↓breath sounds, black lung fields on CT, reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (<70% exp.), impaired gas exchange (V/Q mismatch), ↑ dead space, hypoventilation
14
Q
Emphysema (Centriacinar): Type
A
Obstructive (COPD)
15
Q
Emphysema (Centriacinar): Pathophysiology
A
Destruction of acinar walls by ↑elastase activity → loss of radial traction, increased lung compliance
16
Q
Emphysema (Centriacinar): Etiologies
A
Smoking, mostly affects upper lobe, spares alveoli
17
Q
α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Epi
A
2% of COPD pts
18
Q
α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Symptoms
A
Wheeze, productive cough, dyspnea (especially exertional), muscular wasting
19
Q
α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Signs/Dx Criteria
A
Airway edema + fibrosis, cyanosis, hyperinflation, ↓breath sounds, black lung fields on CT, reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (<70% exp.), impaired gas exchange (V/Q mismatch), ↑ dead space, hypoventilation
20
Q
α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Type
A
Obstructive (COPD)
21
Q
α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Pathophysiology
A
Congenital cause of COPD; autosomal co-dominant, mutation in SERPINA1 gene leads to excess protease activity, increased lung compliance
22
Q
α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Etiologies
A
Mostly affects lower lobes
23
Q
α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency (aka Panacinar Emphysema): Treatment
A
Same + IV pooled AAT
24
Q
Bronchiectasis: Symptoms
A
Hemoptysis, productive cough
25
Bronchiectasis: Signs/Dx Criteria
"Soap bubble" appearance on CXR, PMNs and mucus in airways on histology
26
Bronchiectasis: Type
Obstructive (COPD)
27
Bronchiectasis: Pathophysiology
Chronic necrotizing infection of bronchi → permanently dilated airways, hemoptysis
28
Bronchiectasis: Etiologies
Bronchial obstruction, Kartagener's, smoking, CF
29
Bronchiectasis: Treatment
Treat underlying cause
30
Bronchiolitis: Signs/Dx Criteria
Evidence of fibrosis, inflammation on histology
31
Bronchiolitis: Type
Obstructive (COPD)
32
Bronchiolitis: Pathophysiology
Inflammation of bronchioles, fibrosis
33
Bronchiolitis: Etiologies
RSV, allergic / hypersensitivity
34
Bronchiolitis: Treatment
Treat underlying cause
35
Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Signs/Dx Criteria
Evidence of fibrosis, inflammation on histology
36
Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Type
Obstructive (COPD)
37
Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Pathophysiology
Inflammation of bronchioles, fibrosis
38
Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Etiologies
Lung transplant, CTD
39
Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Treatment
Treat underlying cause
40
Asthma: Epi
Clean kids
41
Asthma: Symptoms
Wheeze, cough, chest tightness during attacks
42
Asthma: Signs/Dx Criteria
Decline in FEV1 of 20% from baseline, pulsus paradoxus, hypoxemia, hyperinflation, thick wall/narrow lumen, mucus plugging
43
Asthma: Type
Obstructive (COPD)
44
Asthma: Pathophysiology
Airflow obstruction (reversible), bronchial hyperresponsiveness, V/Q mismatch during attacks, alveolar hyperventilation during attacks (hypoventilation if severe, due to fatigue + dead space); Th2 phenotype
45
Asthma: Etiologies
Genetic (FCεR1, CD14, IL-4, IFN, etc.), environment (URIs, stress, allergen re-exposure), prenatal exposures
46
Asthma: Treatment
Inhaled corticosteroids, LABAs; O2 / intubation if severe; Omalizumab is useful in high-risk pts, binds all circulating IgE, blocks mast cell cross-linking without affecting complement
47
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Epi
Older male smoker with fam. Hx
48
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Symptoms
Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough
49
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Signs/Dx Criteria
Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud's, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected
50
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Type
Restrictive (ILD)
51
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Pathophysiology
Fibrosis and thickening of alveolar walls and interstitium, honeycomb lung appearance, bases>apices
52
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Etiologies
Idiopathic; can also have drug-induced, radiation-related, or connective tissue disease-related ILD
53
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) / Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Treatment
O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant
54
Pneumonoconiosis: Epi
Workers
55
Pneumonoconiosis: Symptoms
Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough
56
Pneumonoconiosis: Signs/Dx Criteria
Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud's, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected
57
Pneumonoconiosis: Type
Restrictive (ILD)
58
Pneumonoconiosis: Pathophysiology
Inorganic antigen leads to inflammation
59
Pneumonoconiosis: Etiologies
Silicosis, asbestosis
60
Pneumonoconiosis: Treatment
O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant
61
Sarcoidosis: Epi
N. Europe, Af-Am
62
Sarcoidosis: Symptoms
Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough
63
Sarcoidosis: Signs/Dx Criteria
Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud's, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected
64
Sarcoidosis: Type
Restrictive (ILD)
65
Sarcoidosis: Pathophysiology
Systemic non-necrotizing granulomatous disease, usually near airways; multi-system, can also get skin plaques, lupus pernio, uveitis with synechiae, hilar adenopathy on CXR
66
Sarcoidosis: Etiologies
Unknown; often reversible
67
Sarcoidosis: Treatment
O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant
68
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Epi
BIRDS
69
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Symptoms
Dyspnea (exertional), dry cough
70
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Signs/Dx Criteria
Clubbing, hypoxemia, bibasilar crackles, impaired gas exchange, dermatomyositis, Raynaud's, sclerodactyly, positive six-minute walk test, ground glass opacity/reticular opacity/honeycombing, TLC < 75% expected
71
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Type
Restrictive (ILD)
72
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Pathophysiology
CD4+ Th1 humoral immune response overreacts, leading to Type III + IV hypersensitivity, centrilobular nodules, airway thickening + fibrosis
73
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Etiologies
Birds, fungi, bacteria, chemicals
74
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Treatment
O2, pulmonary rehab, avoid lung injury / antigen, anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids), lung transplant
75
ARDS (Acute RDS): Symptoms
Acute onset tachypnea, dyspnea
76
ARDS (Acute RDS): Signs/Dx Criteria
Hyaline membranes, hypoxemia, diffuse crackles, bilateral infiltrates, consolidation
77
ARDS (Acute RDS): Type
Restrictive (Resp. Failure)
78
ARDS (Acute RDS): Pathophysiology
Diffuse alveolar damage, ↑alveolar capillary permeability, inflammatory injury from neutrophils, necrosis lead to hyaline membranes
79
ARDS (Acute RDS): Etiologies
Pulmonary infxn, shock, sepsis, burns, near-drowning, etc.
80
ARDS (Acute RDS): Treatment
Treat underlying cause, lung protective ventilation (6cc/kg VT), max plateau of 30cm H2O, conservative fluids, ECMO
81
NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Epi
Premie
82
NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Symptoms
Dyspnea, hypoxia
83
NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Signs/Dx Criteria
Hyaline membranes, hypoxemia, diffuse crackles, bilateral infiltrates, consolidation
84
NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Type
Restrictive (Resp. Failure)
85
NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Pathophysiology
Congenital surfactant deficiency, alveolar collapse
86
NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Etiologies
Maternal diabetes, C-section, premature
87
NRDS (Neonatal RDS): Treatment
Maternal steroids, artificial surfactant
88
Guillain-Barre: Symptoms
Dyspnea, tachypnea
89
Guillain-Barre: Signs/Dx Criteria
Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis
90
Guillain-Barre: Type
Restrictive (Normal Lungs)
91
Guillain-Barre: Pathophysiology
For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate
92
Guillain-Barre: Treatment
Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation
93
ALS: Symptoms
Dyspnea, tachypnea
94
ALS: Signs/Dx Criteria
Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis
95
ALS: Type
Restrictive (Normal Lungs)
96
ALS: Pathophysiology
For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate
97
ALS: Treatment
Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation
98
Multiple Sclerosis: Symptoms
Dyspnea, tachypnea
99
Multiple Sclerosis: Signs/Dx Criteria
Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis
100
Multiple Sclerosis: Type
Restrictive (Normal Lungs)
101
Multiple Sclerosis: Pathophysiology
For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate
102
Multiple Sclerosis: Treatment
Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation
103
Muscular Dystrophy: Symptoms
Dyspnea, tachypnea
104
Muscular Dystrophy: Signs/Dx Criteria
Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis
105
Muscular Dystrophy: Type
Restrictive (Normal Lungs)
106
Muscular Dystrophy: Pathophysiology
For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate
107
Muscular Dystrophy: Treatment
Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation
108
Myasthenia Gravis: Symptoms
Dyspnea, tachypnea
109
Myasthenia Gravis: Signs/Dx Criteria
Respiratory failure, restrictive ventilatory defect, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis
110
Myasthenia Gravis: Type
Restrictive (Normal Lungs)
111
Myasthenia Gravis: Pathophysiology
For a variety of reasons, muscles responsible for breathing are dystrophied or wasted or not innervated properly, resulting in increased work of breathing, failure to ventilate / oxygenate
112
Myasthenia Gravis: Treatment
Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation
113
Pneumonia: Symptoms
Dyspnea
114
Pneumonia: Signs/Dx Criteria
Consolidation, PMNs in alveoli
115
Pneumonia: Type
Impaired Gas Exchange
116
Pneumonia: Pathophysiology
Inflammation of lung, usually infectious
117
Pneumonia: Etiologies
Infection
118
Pneumonia: Treatment
Antibiotics, O2
119
Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms
Dyspnea
120
Pulmonary Edema: Signs/Dx Criteria
Congested, heavy, wet, red lungs
121
Pulmonary Edema: Type
Impaired Gas Exchange
122
Pulmonary Edema: Pathophysiology
Alveoli fill with fluid, usually bc of ↑hydrostatic pressure
123
Pulmonary Edema: Etiologies
Left sided heart failure
124
Pulmonary Edema: Treatment
Diuretics, O2, treat heart failure
125
Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Epi
Premie
126
Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Symptoms
Dyspnea
127
Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Signs/Dx Criteria
Blood-filled, very dark red lungs
128
Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Type
Impaired Gas Exchange
129
Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology
Alveoli fill with blood, +/- fibrin, becomes hemosiderin if chronic
130
Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Etiologies
Goodpasture's Syn.; Wegener's granulomatosis
131
Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Treatment
O2, treat underlying cause
132
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Epi
Hospital, pregnant, casted
133
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Symptoms
Pain, swelling, erythema
134
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Signs/Dx Criteria
Asymmetry, warmth, edema, ischemia; Wells Score, D-dimer, ultrasound, venography
135
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Type
Vasculature
136
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Pathophysiology
Thrombi form in deep calf veins, popliteal/femoral/iliac veins, UE (central line or Paget-Schroetter syndrome)…massive is +stroke or worse, >30% mortality
137
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Etiologies
Genetic risk factors, Virchow's triad (stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability); lack of prophylaxis
138
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Treatment
UFH (can reverse with protamine) > LMWH/Fondaparinux; transition to oral warfarin >3 months; for massive, can try catheter-directed thrombolysis or IVC filter
139
Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Epi
Hospital, pregnant, casted
140
Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Symptoms
Dyspnea, pleuritic pain, cough, wheezing
141
Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Signs/Dx Criteria
Modified Wells Score, D-dimer, CT angiography; hypoxemia, hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis
142
Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Type
Vasculature
143
Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Pathophysiology
Deep vein thrombi move to pulmonary arteries, lodge there, platelets release serotonin in response causing wheeze via vasoconstriction
144
Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Etiologies
Genetic risk factors, Virchow's triad (stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability); lack of prophylaxis
145
Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Treatment
LMWH for hemodynamically stable patients; UFH in unstable patients, or with high risk of bleeding; warfarin >3 months
146
Pulmonary Hypertension: Epi
Conn. tissue disorders
147
Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms
Dyspnea, fatigue, chest/abd pain, syncope
148
Pulmonary Hypertension: Signs/Dx Criteria
Hypoxemia, tachycardia, hypotension, right heart hypertrophy, no rales
149
Pulmonary Hypertension: Type
Vasculature
150
Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology
Mean PA pressure >25 mmHg at rest; due to either ↑CO, ↑LAP, or ↑PVR
151
Pulmonary Hypertension: Etiologies
Small PA vasculopathy (PAH) most common cause
152
Pulmonary Hypertension: Treatment
CCB if vasoreactive, Prostanoids, PDE-5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, surgery
153
Vasculitis: Signs/Dx Criteria
Macro nodules
154
Vasculitis: Type
Vasculature
155
Vasculitis: Pathophysiology
Inflammation of pulmonary vessels
156
Vasculitis: Etiologies AND Treatment
1°: autoimmune, 2°: infectious. Treat underlying cause
157
Cystic Fibrosis: Epi
White folks
158
Cystic Fibrosis: Symptoms
Recurrent respiratory infections (p. aeruginosa), productive cough, weight loss, dyspnea
159
Cystic Fibrosis: Signs/Dx Criteria
Lung inflammation, end-stage bronchiectasis, obstruction, clubbing, V/Q mismatch, ↓↓RV/TLC, hyperinflation, air trapping, salty sweat, pancreatic insufficiency
160
Cystic Fibrosis: Type
Ion Channel Defect
161
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathophysiology
CTFR gene defect on chromosome 7q, commonly ΔF508, inheritance = AR (1/30 Caucasians are carriers), Cl- channel is defective -> secretion of thick mucus in lungs, pancreas, liver, obstructive ventilatory defect
162
Cystic Fibrosis: Etiologies
Genetic
163
Cystic Fibrosis: Treatment
Accredited CF center! Mechanical airway clearance, Pulmozyme (recombinant DNAse mucolytic), inhaled hypertonic saline, tobramycin/aztreonam, steroids/ibuprofen/azithromycin, CFTR potentiators/correctors, gene therapy?
164
Exudative Pleural Effusion: Symptoms
Pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, trapped lung
165
Exudative Pleural Effusion: Signs/Dx Criteria
Air-fluid level on CXR, free-flowing fluid, soft tissue windows on CT, high metabolic activity on PET
166
Exudative Pleural Effusion: Type
Pleural
167
Exudative Pleural Effusion: Pathophysiology
Either infection (empyema), malignancy (primary mesothelioma or secondary metastatic breast cancer), or chyle (chylothorax) / blood (hemothorax) / ascites (hepatic hydrothorax) gets into the pleural space
168
Exudative Pleural Effusion: Etiologies
Infection: bacterial or TB. Malignancy. Other fluids from trauma or collagen vascular disease
169
Exudative Pleural Effusion: Treatment
Thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, direct pleural examination
170
Transudative Pleural Effusion: Symptoms
Pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, trapped lung
171
Transudative Pleural Effusion: Signs/Dx Criteria
Air-fluid level on CXR, free-flowing fluid, soft tissue windows on CT, high metabolic activity on PET
172
Transudative Pleural Effusion: Type
Pleural
173
Transudative Pleural Effusion: Pathophysiology
Imbalance of pleural fluid production
174
Transudative Pleural Effusion: Etiologies
Heart/renal/liver fail
175
Transudative Pleural Effusion: Treatment
Thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, direct pleural examination
176
Pneumothorax: Symptoms
Pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, trapped lung
177
Pneumothorax: Signs/Dx Criteria
Collapsed lung on CXR, ↑HR, RR, deviated trach
178
Pneumothorax: Type
Pleural
179
Pneumothorax: Pathophysiology
Leakage of air into pleural space
180
Pneumothorax: Etiologies
Trauma
181
Pneumothorax: Treatment
Thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, direct pleural examination
182
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Epi
Obesity, HTN
183
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Symptoms
Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death
184
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Signs/Dx Criteria
Cessation of airflow >10s
185
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Type
Sleep-Related
186
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Pathophysiology
Respiratory effort vs. airway obstruction
187
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Treatment
Weight loss, sleep positioning, alcohol/sedative avoidance, oral devices, CPAP
188
Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Epi
Obesity, HTN
189
Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Symptoms
Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death
190
Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Signs/Dx Criteria
Cessation of airflow >10s
191
Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Type
Sleep-Related
192
Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Pathophysiology
Respiratory effort vs. airway obstruction, and also severe hypoxemia, paradoxical breathing, worse outcomes vs. OSA alone
193
Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Etiologies
COPD + OSA
194
Overlap Syndrome (COPD + OSA): Treatment
Nocturnal O2 / ventilation
195
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Epi
Obesity, HTN
196
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Symptoms
Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death
197
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Signs/Dx Criteria
Cessation of airflow >10s
198
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Type
Sleep-Related
199
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Pathophysiology
Periods of no respiratory effort, arousal from hyperventilation, disrupted sympathovagal balance
200
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Etiologies
CHF stimulates vagal receptors in lung
201
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing with Central Sleep Apnea (CSB/CSA): Treatment
Treat CHF, give O2, CPAP, maybe CO2, drugs, LVAD?
202
Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Epi
Obesity, HTN
203
Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Symptoms
Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death
204
Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Signs/Dx Criteria
Cessation of airflow >10s
205
Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Type
Sleep-Related
206
Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Pathophysiology
Periods of no respiratory effort, extremely irregular
207
Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Etiologies
Rare congenital
208
Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CHS): Treatment
Ventilation
209
Hypopnea: Epi
Obesity, HTN
210
Hypopnea: Symptoms
Fatigue, daytime sleepiness, snoring, poor sleep quality/insomnia, awakening with choking/gasping, CVA, HTN, ↓LV function, death
211
Hypopnea: Signs/Dx Criteria
↓airflow >10s
212
Hypopnea: Type
Sleep-Related
213
Hypopnea: Pathophysiology
Obstructive or non-obstructive
