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PTA III > Pulmonary Conditions > Flashcards

Pulmonary Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Tidal volume?

A

amount of breath you use to (inhale/exhale) at rest

-the wave

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2
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

max. amount of air that can be inspired above tidal volume (taking a breath)

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3
Q

How many lobes of the lung per side?

A

Right: 3
Left: 2

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4
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

max amount of air that can be expired after normal tidal volume (leftover-expiration)

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5
Q

Residual volume

A

air that remains after max expiration which does not participate in gas exchange

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6
Q

Total lung capacity

A

sum of residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

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7
Q

Restrictive Disease

A

any respiratory condition where the patient is unable to take IN a full, deep breath
CNS: polio obesity
LUNGS: pneumonia, lung fibrosis, pulmonary edema

-can exhale without any obstructions though

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8
Q

Obstructive Disease

A

condition where you have difficulty getting all the air out.
-shallow breathing

ex. asthma

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9
Q

what is the largest group of pulmonary diseases?

A

obstructive disease

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10
Q

What is Acute bronchitis?

what is it caused by?

A

inflammation caused by: smoke infection, pollutions

  • repeated exposure to irritants
  • most common cause: SMOKING
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A
  • persistent cough
  • extreme mucus production
  • SOB
  • Wheezing
  • Chest tightness
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12
Q

What are the typical characterisitcs of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD (for Chronic Bronchitis)

A
  • chronic productive cough
  • hyperventilation
  • edema
  • cyanosis
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13
Q

What is Emphysema?

typical characteristic of COPD

A
  • chronic dyspnea (breathlessness)
  • Hyperinflationwith barrel chest
  • Cyanosis and edema are RARE

-many patients present with both chronic bronchitis and emphysemea

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14
Q

What is a result (symptom) of chronic hypoxia? (not sufficient amount of O2)

A

clubbing of the fingers

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15
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

discolouration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood

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16
Q

What are some treatment techniques for COPD?

A
  • slow down the damage to the lungs
  • relieve symptoms of SOB
  • buil up overall body fitness
  • improve quality of life
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17
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

an infection in the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi

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18
Q

Signs and symptoms of Pneumonia?

A
  • cough with sputum production
  • fever
  • sharp chest pain on inspiration

-it is found by doctor hearing abnormal sounds in chest + bacteria can be found in Sputum

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19
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A

Damage to the tiny cilia that line the inside of the airways

  • this prevents the cilia to sweep the dirt and mucus out of the lungs
  • bronchioles widen and stretch out and can form little pockets where germs, dust and mucus collect in these pockets, and get stuck
  • people get more infections in lung as a result
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20
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

It causes the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to the blockage mainly LUNGS and DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

  • pancreatic ducts
  • intestines, and
  • bronchi and often result in respiratory infection
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21
Q

What is the Pt management of Cystic fibrosis?

A

Helps clear the thick secretions of mucus

-exercise

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22
Q

What are the 4 Stages of Change?

ex. with smoking in class

A
  1. Preconteplative: NOT thinking of change at all
  2. Contemplative: They know they should quit and should set goals
  3. Action: Set a date
  4. Maintenance: How to continue to not go back
23
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease

24
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

SOB
Tightness in chest
coughing
wheezing

25
Q

What are brochodilators (puffers)?

A

help open the bronchial tubes of the lungs,decreasing resistance, and allowing more air to flow through

26
Q

What is chest physio?

A
  • removal of excess secretions (mucus) from the inside of the lungs
  • assisted cough
  • re-educate the breathing muscles (diaphramatic, chest breathing, costal breathing)
27
Q

How many segments in the lungs and how many positions to drain them?

A

19 segments in lungs

11 postural positions to drain

28
Q

What are some adventitious breath sounds? (3)

A
  1. Decrease air sounds
  2. Crackles or Creps= on inspiration (pneumonia)
  3. wheezing/rhonchi sounds=on expiration (asthma)
29
Q

What is the purpose of assisted coughing?

A
  • to provide manual assistance due to a weak or absent cough to enable the client to clear secretions
  • manual act
30
Q

How do you help someone to cough?

A

mechanical pressure to the epigastric region in coordination with forced exhalation

31
Q

What are some contraindications for assisted cough? (6)

A
  1. increased potential aspiration (eg. unconscious patient with unprotected airway)
  2. Acute abdominal pathology, abdominal aortic aneurysm, hiatus hernia, or pregnancy
  3. Bleeding
  4. Untreated pneumothorax
  5. Osteoporosis
  6. Flail chest
32
Q

What is the method for assisted cough? (6)

A
  1. Performed at the request of the client
  2. can be performed when the client is in sitting or supine position
  3. consult the client re-position of your hand placement
  4. Use good body mechanics to achieve this position
  5. Timing is crucial. establish with the client some ways that he will signal to you that inspiration is complete (this may be a nod or a blink)
  6. When the client signals, apply brief, firm pressure during expiration at the same time as the client attempts to cough. (When the client is in on a ventilator, apply pressure at the end of inspiration cycle)
33
Q

What is postural drainage?

A

patient has various positions to facilitate the flow of secretion from the lungs into the trachea to be cleared

34
Q

What are some contraindications for postural drainage? (4)

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • unrelated acute conditions
  • cardiovascular instability
  • recent neurosurgery
35
Q

What is Method Postural Drainage?

A
  • the force of gravity is used to assist clearing the lungs

- the area to be drained must be placed uppermost

36
Q

What is percussion (clapping) and what is it used for?

A

clapping with cupped hands over the chest wall to shake the secretion loose prior to coughing

  • lasts 10-15 min.
  • do 2-3 per day
37
Q

How do you do the percussion treatment?

A

-cushion area to be percussed with a towel
-loosen restrictive clothing
-have spit into cup available
sufficient pillows

  • watch for signs of dyspnea and pain
  • Monitor: changes in mucus, colour, and consistency
  • breathing patterns and rate
38
Q

***What are vibrations?

A

vibrations move the mucus

*hands are placed with fingers in the direcition of the ribs, and then on an EXPIRATION with pursed lips, lightly shake the ribs at the same time-

39
Q

What are the colours of the sputum?

A

White/clear= normal
Yellow= infection
Green=chronic infection, usually bacterial
-red/reddish-brown: blood

40
Q

What are some goals for breathing exercise? (4)

A
  1. full expansion of all areas of lungs
  2. Clears secretions from lungs
    promotes relaxation
  3. Promotes relaxation
  4. improves ventilation
41
Q

What does pursing the lips do?

A
  • holds the airways open longer
  • prolongs expiration
  • relieves SOB
42
Q

How do you diaphragmatic breath?

A
  • place both hands on your abdomen
  • breath in through nose, trying to fill out around the waist
  • breath out through pursed lips, letting the abdomen fall
43
Q

How do you lateral costal breath?

A
  • place each hand on the side of your lower ribs
  • breath in through nose, trying to expand lower ribs against hands
  • breath out with lips pursed, while gently pressing in with hands
44
Q

What does an incentive inspirometer do?

A
  • increases strength and endurance for muscles or respiration
  • used post operative to prevent pneumonia
45
Q

What are the benefits for O2 therapy? (for people who don’t get enough O2)

A
  • improves sleep
  • improves mood
  • mental alertness
46
Q

What is a nasal cannula O2 tube?

A

placed in the nose to improve O2 to patient

-1 to 6 L/minute

47
Q

What are some indications for mechanical ventilation?

who would need a mechanical ventilation?

A
  • Acute lung injury
  • COPD
  • Guillain Barre Syndrome
  • Hypoxemia
  • Congestive Heart failure
48
Q

What is it like to have Acute Bronchitis?

A

like having a cold and cough for approx. 3 weeks

49
Q

What are the 2 types of Pneumonia?

A
  1. Walking Pneumonia (viral)

2. Bacterial Pneumonia (growth of bacteria, get high fever, in bed for couple weeks)

50
Q

Do many patients have chronic bronchitis and emphysema at the same time?

A

yes

51
Q

What happens to the S.A. of the alveoli during COPD?

A

decreases tremendously, because they inflame= bigger alveoli, but less amount of alveoli

52
Q

Clubbing of fingers occur on what part of your body?

A

“Growing Areas”=nail/hair

53
Q

For postural drainage you always lay on the opposite side:

Upp. Lobe

A

Upper Right Lobe

54
Q

What is a tracheostomy? oxygen

A

surgical procedure- incision on the front of neck; opening for

  • airway or a
  • site for a tracheostomy tube to be inserted (a ventilator can be attached to the tube)

-also used for suctioning

PTA III (9 decks)

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