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PTA III > Chpt. 1: Cardiovascular Conditions and Rehabilitation > Flashcards

Chpt. 1: Cardiovascular Conditions and Rehabilitation Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 major arteries that supply the heart?

A
  • Left Anterior Descending artery(LAD)
  • Circumflex artery (irc)
  • Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
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2
Q

What is the Vagus (10th cranial) nerve responsible regulating? (Cardiac Innervation)

A
  • Heart rate
  • Force of each contraction
  • Cardiac output
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3
Q

What autonomic division is the Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) related to ?

A

PNS

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4
Q

What is the Sympathetic Innervation? (3)

A
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases the force of contraction
  • “Fight or flight response”
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5
Q

What is an average of BPM?

A

70 BPM

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6
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Innervation? (3)

A
  • Decreases heart rate
  • Reduces force of contraction
  • Constricts the coronary arteries
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7
Q

describe heart rate

A

frequency of the cardiac cycle

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8
Q

What are the 4 vital signs?

A
  • Blood pressure
  • heart rate
  • respiratory rate
  • temperature
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9
Q

Factors affecting heart rate (8)

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Environmental Temperature
  • Infection
  • Physical Activity
  • Emotional Status
  • Medications
  • Cardiopulmonary Disease
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10
Q

Heart Rate Maximum Calculations

A

BPM-age= HRmax

(ex. 220 -18=)202

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11
Q

When is the best time to find out your resting heart rate?

A

Morning

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12
Q

_____ is used to determine one’s training target heart rate zone

A

Resting heart rate

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13
Q

What are Cardiac Arrythmias?

A

a group of conditions in which the muscle contraction of the heart is irregular or is faster or slower than normal
-some arrythmias are life threatening

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14
Q

What is Pulse described as?

A

rate, rhythm and volume

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15
Q

What are some terms used for Pulse? (4)

A

Strong and Regular
Weak and Regular
Irregular
Thready

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16
Q

What is a pacemaker?

What are they designed to correct?

A

Sophisticated electronic device that analyzes the function of the heart
-when needed it sends tiny precisely-timed electrical signal to the heart on demand

  • bradycardia
  • battery life about 8 years
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17
Q

____ is a small device that’s placed in the chest or abdomen and uses electrical pulses or shocks to help control life-threatening arrhythmias

A

ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator)

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18
Q

What is the maximum output for the ICD?

A

830 volts in a tenth of a second

- to restore the heart rhythm back to normal

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19
Q

What are the ranges for blood pressure in an adult ?

A
  • Systolic between 90 and 135mmHg

- Diastolic between 50 and 90mmHg

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20
Q

Systolic pressure goes up when?

1st pressure you hear

A

-stress, exercise

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21
Q

Diastolic pressure goes up why?

2nd sound to hear

A

diseases, conditions

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22
Q

Hypertension?

Hypotension?

A

Hypertension: too high readings of systolic/diastolic
Hypotension: too low

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23
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure?

A

Mercury manometer

with cuff

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24
Q

What are Diuretics?

A

“water pills” because they work in the kidney and flush excess water and sodium from the body
- helps CONTROL BLOOD PRESSURE

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25
Q

What are Beta-blockers ?

A

reduce nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels

-(LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE)

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26
Q

WHat are ACE inhibitors (ACE) ?

A
  • inhibitors prevent the formation of a hormone called angiotensin II, which normally causes blood vessels to narrow. The ACE inhibitors cause the vessels to relax
  • LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE
27
Q

What are Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) ?

A

keep calcium from entering the muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels. This causes the blood vessels to relax
- LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE

28
Q

What is a Pulse oximetry ?

attached to patients finger/ear lobe

A

non-invasive method of monitoring the percentage of haemoglobin (Hb) which is saturated with oxygen.

29
Q

What are Some Cardiac Evaluation Tools? (6)

A
  1. History
  2. Heart rate, pulse and blood pressure
  3. Auscultation
  4. Laboratory tests i.e. Chest Xrays EKG, cholesterol, echocardiogram
  5. Cardiac Stress Testing: Maximal, Sub Maximal
  6. Fitness Testing
30
Q

What is Auscultation?

A

heart reveals the normal audible (HEARING) cardiac cycle, which allows the clinician to assess heart rate, rhythm, and regularity

31
Q

What is CAD: Coronary Artery Disease? (most common type of heart disease)

A

occlusion (closing of) of coronary artery leads to an inadequate oxygenation of an area of the heart and leads to a heart attack
-angina is a symptom (pain in chest)

32
Q

What is angina?

A

(pain) usually a symptom of CAD; a symptom of an underlying heart problem

33
Q

Stable angina:

A

KNOWN: can go away with medication

chest pain during activity or stress

34
Q

Unstable angina

A

UNKNOWN: (more serious) warning sign of an impending heart attack
chest pain at rest

35
Q

What is the most comomon congenital heart defect?

A 
Ventriculoseptal defect (VSD)
*hole in heart*
36
Q

3 tyes of Valve disease?

A
  1. Incompetence: poorly functioning
  2. Stenosis: narrowing
  3. Valve disease: can affect either the Mitral or Aortic valves
37
Q

What is Mitral Valve Prolapse ?

A

displacement of an abnormally thickened mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium during systole (contraction)

38
Q

___ refers to an enlarged heart due to hypertrophy by overwork

A

Cardiomegaly

39
Q

Cor Pulmonale?

A

enlargement of right side of heart is due to high blood pressure in the pulmonary blood vessels, usually caused by CHRONIC LUNG disease

40
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

symptoms?

A

heart can’t pump enough blood to the body’s other organs.

–most common signs: swollen legs/ ankles or difficulty breathing.

41
Q

What is a Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery ?

A

a procedure to bypass a blocked section of a coronary artery and to deliver oxygen to the heart

42
Q

Median Sternotomy?

A

incision into the sternum

43
Q

**What are 6 Sternal Precautions (after incision) ?

Precautions: for 8 – 12 weeks.

A
  1. Avoid reaching behind you
  2. Avoid reaching out to your side: this does NOT include using grab bars in the bath tub.
  3. Avoid stretching your arms above your head.
  4. Avoid heavy lifting (anything over 5 lbs).
  5. Avoid pushing or pulling more than 5 lbs,.
  6. Remember, two hands are better than one.
44
Q

What is the Bruce Protocol?

Sub maximal Cardiac Stress Test

A

At each “stage” of exercise, the pulse, blood pressure and ECG are recorded, along with any symptoms the patient may be experiencing

45
Q

A drop of less than ____ beats per minute after maximal exercise has been correlated with a significant increase in mortality*. Healthy Rate Recovery? (HRR)

A

12

Normal range: 20 BPM

46
Q

**Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) Calculations:

A

HRmax-HRest

(220-18) - (60)= 142

difference between a person’s resting heart rate and maximum heart rate

47
Q

Astrand Cycle Ergometer’s Validity:

correlation to VO2max approximately _____

A
  1. 85-0.9 (very close)
    - pedal cycle ergometer at a constant workload: HR measured every minute, and the steady state heart rate is then looked up on published tables to determine an estimation of VO2max.
48
Q

VO2 max?

A

maximum amount of oxygen in milliliters, one can use in one minute per kilogram of body weight

49
Q

How can you increase your VO2 max?

A

work out that raises your heart rate for at least 20 minutes 3/week to raise your HR between 65-85%

ex.- job 3/day

50
Q

Several factors to be monitoring during CV exercise (5)

A
  • Medical status of the patient
  • Contraindications for exercise
  • Orthopedic conditions
  • Pulse rate
  • Respiratory rate
51
Q

What is Borg Perceived Exertion Scale?

A

how hard you feel like your body is working during physical acitivity
-a person’s exertion rating may provide a fairly good estimate of the actual heart rate during physical activity

-increase: HR, breathing, sweating, etc.

52
Q

**What is Target Heart Rate?

How do you calculate it ?

A

desired range of heart rate reached during Aerobic exercise which enables one’s heart and lungs to receive the most benefit from a workout in a safe way

-calculate by using a range of 50%–85% intensity

53
Q

**Calculations for Simple THR?

A

THR = HRmax × %Intensity

ex. 202 x .50= 101

54
Q

What is the Karvone Method ( similar to simple THR calculations) ?

*its more accurate because it takes into account HRest (if its abnormally high or low)

A

THR = ((HRmax – HRrest) × %Intensity) + HRrest

55
Q

When are “Fats mostly burnt? in which “Zone”?

A

Fitness Zone; 60-70 % max. HR

56
Q

(DONT KNOW IF NEEDED) What are the 4 types of “Zones?

plus %

A
  1. Cardiovascular Training Zones
  2. Healthy Heart Zone (Warm up: 50-60%)
  3. Fitness Zone (Fat Burning: 60-70%)
  4. Aerobic Zone (Endurance Training: 70–80% )
  5. Anaerobic Zone (Performance Training:80–90% )
  6. Red Line (Maximum Effort 90-100%)
57
Q

What is Mediastinum?

A

Space between the lungs which contains the heart, the aorta, and vena cava

58
Q

What is Percardium?

A

visceral layer that encloses the heart

59
Q

What is the Cardiac Stress Test used for?

A

to evaluate the heart and vascular system during Exercise or Load; used in diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

60
Q

What is the Submaximal Cardiac Stress Test?

A

patient exercises only until a predetermined level of exercise is attained (used in patients with KNOWN Coronary Artery Disease)

61
Q

What are the advantages of Astrand Cycle Ergometer?

A

simple test, mostly accurate and appropriate for ECG monitoring during exercises

62
Q

What are the Disadvantages of Astrand Cycle Ergometer?

A

may underestimate the fitness of those with a high maximum heart rate
-and overestimate fitness with advancing age (as max HR reduces with age)

63
Q

WHat is the MET (metabolic equivalent) ?

A

the energy (oxygen) used by the body as you sit quietly, perhaps while talking on the phone or reading a book.

64
Q

Medication that lowers blood pressure

A

A-B-C-D

Ace-inhibitor
Beta blockers
Calcium
Diaretics

PTA III (9 decks)

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