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OTSEM: Pulmonary/Respiratory System > Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of respiratory system

A
  • Ventilation and perfusion
  • Respiration
  • Transport of O2 and CO2
  • Diffusion of O2 and CO2
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2
Q

It is the act of moving air in and out of lungs

A

Ventilation

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3
Q

Law of Physics for ventilation

A

Boyle’s Law

inhale = air goes in our lungs; exhale = air goes outside our lungs

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4
Q

It is referred to as the pulmonary blood flow

A

Perfusion

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5
Q

Where is the greates perfusion?

A

Base of the lungs d/t gravity

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6
Q

What is the normal ventilation to perfusion?

A

V/Q ratio: 0.8 or 80%
Fev1/ FVC ratio: 0.8 or 80%

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7
Q

referred as gas exchange

A

respiration

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8
Q

External respiration happens between ____ and ____;
Internal respiration happens between ___ and ____

A

External: alveoli and capillaries
Internal: capillaries and tissues

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9
Q

It is referred to as the inhalataion and exhalation

A

transport of O2 and CO2

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10
Q

from high to low concentration (a passive process)

A

Diffusion of O2 and CO2

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11
Q

3 components of URT

upper respiratory tract

A
  1. Nose/Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx or Throat
  3. Larynx or voice box
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12
Q

Define NOSE and its function

A

Definition: large, mucosal (moist) surface area
Function: filters and warms/ humidify air

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13
Q

Describe PHARYNX and what are the 3 divisions of pharynx

A

aka throat
under respiratory and gastrointestinal system
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

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14
Q

Function of Larynx aka voice box

A

a. Voice/sound production
b. Ensures that air will pass through the trachea

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15
Q

the guardians of the airways prevent foreign object pass through the trachea, leaflet structure

A

Epiglottis

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16
Q

other name for the Lower respiratory tract and how many generations are there?

A

Tracheobronchial Tree
23 generations

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17
Q

What are the generations of LRT (10)

T, MB, LB, SB, Tb, Rb, AD, AS, A, C

A
  1. Trachea (windpipe)
  2. Mainstem bronchi (R/L)
  3. Lobar bronchi
  4. Segmental bronchi
  5. Terminal bronchioles
  6. Respiratory bronchioles
  7. Alveolar ducts
  8. Alveolar sacs
  9. Alveoli (structural unit of the lungs) (300M)
  10. Capillaries

  • Most common site of intubation = Trachea
  • Tracheostomy – procedure of opening trachea
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18
Q

Passageway of air only; no ga exchange occurs

A

Conducting zone

Trachea up to terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

functional unit of the lungs

A

Acinus

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20
Q

Level of division or bifurcation of L/R bronchi

A

Carina

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21
Q

common resting place for large aspirated objects and reason why

A

R main Bronchus: shorter, wider and more vertical in orientation

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22
Q

Which lung is common for occurrence of aspiration pneumonia

A

Right lung

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23
Q

structural unit of lungs

A

Alveoli

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24
Q

membrae covering the lungs including the fissure lines

A

Visceral pleura

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25
Q

membrane that covers the thoracic wall

A

Parietal pleura

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26
Q

Space found between the visceral and parietal

A

pleural space

27
Q

Normal pleural space pressure

28
Q

2 function of pleural fluid

A

lubricate pleurae and shock absorption

29
Q

What is type I cells

A

flat cells lining the alveoli

30
Q

What is type II cells

A

Synthesizes or secretes “Surfactant”

Surfactant: reduce surface tension of lungs to prevent to collapse

31
Q

Condition where surfactant is decrease in newborns leading to collapse of small alveoli

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

other name: Hyaline Membrane Disease

32
Q

Anterior Boundary of lungs

A

Sternum

aka dagger bone

33
Q

Posterior boundary of lungs

A

thoracic vertebrae (12)

34
Q

Lateral boundary of lungs

how many pairs?
What are their divisions?

A

Ribs

12 pairs = 24 total
True ribs: pair 1-7 - attached to sternum
False ribs: pair 8-10 - attached to 7th rib
Floating ribs: Pair 11-12 - attached to T11/T12

35
Q

Muscles involved during
RELAXED INSPIRATION

A

Diaphragm (Primary)
External Intercostals (Assist)

36
Q

Muscles involved during Forced Inspiration

Accessory mm of respiration

A

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Upper trapezius
Pectoralis major/minor
Ant/mid/post scalenes
Serratus Ant/Post. Superior

Boxer’s muscle = Serratus

37
Q

Muscles involved during relaxed expiration

A

None. Only elastic or passive recoil od lungs and thorax

38
Q

Muscles involved during Forced Expiration

A

Abdominals
Serratus post Inf
Internal intercostals

39
Q

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

40
Q

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

PACO2

*Partial pressure of CO2

A

35-45 mmHg

41
Q

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

PAO2

Partial pressure of O2

A

80-100mmHg

42
Q

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

HCO3

Bicarbonate

A

22-26 mEq/L

43
Q

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

SAO2

Oxygen Saturation

44
Q

inversely or directly

pH is ____ related to PACO2

*Respiratory

45
Q

inversely or directly

pH is ____ related to HCO3

Metabolic

46
Q

RESPIRATORY: Alkalosis or Acidosis?

increase pH = decreased PACO2

47
Q

RESPIRATORY: Alkalosis or Acidosis?

decreased ph = incresed PACO2

48
Q

Metabolic: Alkalosis or Acidosis?

decreased ph = decreased HCO3

49
Q

Metabolic: Alkalosis or Acidosis?

increased pH = increased HCO3

50
Q

Identify cause of Respiratory Acidosis

*Cayetano Jingle

A

COPD
Atelectasis
Respiratory failure
Pneumonia
Asthma

CARPA CARPA CARPA RESPI ACI – ACIDOSIS!

51
Q

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

  • Don’t stop the music song
A

DM- Ketoacidosis
Diarrhea
Renal Failure

D, D RENAL FAILURE (2X)
D, D, RENAL (3X)
KETOACIDOSIS MAC MAC

52
Q

Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

*Voltes 5 theme

A

Vomiting
Antacids
Nasogastric suction
Diuretics
Excessive bicarbonate ingestion

53
Q

Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis

  • Binibirocha
A

Hypoxemia
Hyperventilation
Ventilator
Pain

HYPOXCEMIA, HYPERVEN, VENTILATOR TSAKA PAIN.
CAUSES NG RAL SYA (2x)

54
Q

amt of air that can be contained inside the lungs after a maximal inspiration

A

TLC

total lung capacity: 6000mL

55
Q

amt of air that can be maximally expired after a maximal inspiration

A

VC

Vital capacity: 4500mL

56
Q

amt of air left/remained inside the lungs after a max or forceful expiration

A

RV

Residual volume: 1500mL

57
Q

amt of air that can be maximally inspired in after a Normal expiration

A

IC

Inspiratory Capacity: 3500mL

58
Q

amt or remain of air inside lungs after Normal expiration

A

FRC

Functional Residual Capacity: 2500mL

59
Q

Amt. of air that can still be expired after N expiration

A

ERV

Expiratory reserve volume: 1000mL

60
Q

amount or volume of air amount or volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath

A

TV

Tidal volume

61
Q

amount or volume of air amount or volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath

A

TV

Tidal volume: 500mL

62
Q

amt or vol of air that can still be inspired in after Normal inspiration

A

IRV

Inspiratory reserve volume: 3000mL

63
Q

Lung volumes and capacity that cannot be measured using a Spirometer

64
Q

Devise used to measure RV, FRC, TLC

A

Helium/Nitrogen wash out
Body Plethysmography

OTSEM: Pulmonary/Respiratory System (2 decks)

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