Pulmonary Anatomy

Question 1

Conducting zone

Answer 1

-transports, warming, cleaning air

Question 2

Extra thoracic structures

Answer 2

-outside the chest
-nose
-pharynx
-larynx

Question 3

components of the lower airway

Answer 3

-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Bronchioles

Question 4

Alveoli

Answer 4

-site of gas exchange [respiratory zone]
-highly vascular

Question 5

Nasal turbinates

Answer 5

warms and filters air

Question 6

Epiglottis

Answer 6

-protects the airway
-opens when swallowing

Question 7

Larnyx

Answer 7

-voice box
-AKA Phonation

Question 8

Trachea

Answer 8

-wind pipe
-made of cartilage ring and smooth muscle

Question 9

Bronchi and Bronchioles

Answer 9

-air highway into the lungs
-getting air to and from sites of gas exchange

Question 10

Type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 10

-in alveoli
-very thin cells that line the alveoli

Question 11

Type 2 pneumocyte

Answer 11

-secretes surfactant to decrease aveolar surface tension
-prevents them from collapsing

Question 12

Alveolar macrophages

Answer 12

-defend against pathogens and irritants

Question 13

Capillary endothelium

Answer 13

-very thin cells that line blood vessels surrounding alveoli
-function in transport
of respiratory gases, water, and solutes

Question 14

Pulmonary arteries

Answer 14

-carry blood AWAY from heart to lungs
-drop of CO2 waster

Question 15

Pulmonary capillaries

Answer 15

site of gas exchange

Question 16

Pulmonary veins

Answer 16

-carry blood to the heart from the lungs
-brings oxygenated blood to heart for distribution

Question 17

Thorax

Answer 17

-chest area that provide structure to facilitate respiration

Question 18

Chest wall

Answer 18

-contains rib cage, vertbrae, and Sternum

Question 19

Muscles used for breathing

Answer 19

-intercostal muscles
-diaphragm

Question 20

Describe the diaphragm during breathing

Answer 20

-dome shaped at rest
-during inhalation, contracts and moves down
-increases amount of space in thoracic cavity
-drop in pressure air is drawn into lungs due to pressure differances
-diaphragm relaxes and air is pushed out

Question 21

Hypoventilation

Answer 21

-to slow and/or too shallow
-buildup of CO2 and reduction of available O2

Question 22

Hyperventilation

Answer 22

remove excessive amounts of CO2
-important for acid/base balance in the blood

Question 23

Tidal volume

Answer 23

Amount of air that
moves into and out of the lungs
during normal breathing (~500mL)

Question 24

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 24

The additional amount of
additional air that can be inhaled
after a normal inhalation

Question 25

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 25

The amount of additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 26

Residual volume

Answer 26

-the volume of air that remains in the lungs after max exhalation

Question 27

vital capacity

Answer 27

The total amount of air exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible

Question 28

Total lung capacity

Answer 28

-maximum amount of air the lungs can hold after maximal breath in

Question 29

Diffusion

Answer 29

Movement of blood gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar epithelium and alveolar capillaries (“gas exchange”)

Question 30

what drives diffusion?

Answer 30

.-gas pressures -does not use energy

Question 31

What does diffusion require?

Answer 31

adequate ventilation and perfusion

Question 32

Fick's law for pulmonary diffusion

Answer 32

Diffusing capacity of a membrane is dependent on tissue thickness, surface area, solubility, and driving pressure gradient

Question 33

How do you measure diffusion?

Answer 33

blood gasses -Diffusing capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide(DLCO)

Question 34

Oxygenation

Answer 34

travel of oxygen from lung capillary to body tissues

Question 35

How hemoglobin 'unload' oxygen?

Answer 35

-in the presence of higher CO2 concentrations, O2 affinity is lowered(O2 unloaded) -Picks up CO2 from body

Question 36

Thalassemia

Answer 36

-Genetic disorder affecting the synthesis of hemoglobin chains -can't carry a sufficient amount of oxygen

Question 36

Hemoglobin

Answer 36

-Protein that carries oxygen once received from diffusion -contains 4 Heme groups -each heme group can bind on molecule of O2 using iron

Question 37

Peak Flow meter

Answer 37

-way to self monitor lung function for patients with asthma -record highest of 3 peak flow reading in morning and evening

Question 38

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

Answer 38

max volume of air that can be exhaled following maximal inspiration when patient is told to exhale with max speed & effort

Question 38

Spirometry

Answer 38

--one of the most common pulmonary function tests -Diagnosis and Management of many pulmonary diseases -relies of lung volumes and flow of air over TIME

Question 39

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Answer 39

volume of air forcibly exhaled from the lungs within 1 second following maximal inspiration