Pulmonary Anatomy Flashcards
Conducting zone
-transports, warming, cleaning air
Extra thoracic structures
-outside the chest
-nose
-pharynx
-larynx
components of the lower airway
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Bronchioles
Alveoli
-site of gas exchange [respiratory zone]
-highly vascular
Nasal turbinates
warms and filters air
Epiglottis
-protects the airway
-opens when swallowing
Larnyx
-voice box
-AKA Phonation
Trachea
-wind pipe
-made of cartilage ring and smooth muscle
Bronchi and Bronchioles
-air highway into the lungs
-getting air to and from sites of gas exchange
Type 1 pneumocytes
-in alveoli
-very thin cells that line the alveoli
Type 2 pneumocyte
-secretes surfactant to decrease aveolar surface tension
-prevents them from collapsing
Alveolar macrophages
-defend against pathogens and irritants
Capillary endothelium
-very thin cells that line blood vessels surrounding alveoli
-function in transport
of respiratory gases, water, and solutes
Pulmonary arteries
-carry blood AWAY from heart to lungs
-drop of CO2 waster
Pulmonary capillaries
site of gas exchange
Pulmonary veins
-carry blood to the heart from the lungs
-brings oxygenated blood to heart for distribution
Thorax
-chest area that provide structure to facilitate respiration
Chest wall
-contains rib cage, vertbrae, and Sternum
Muscles used for breathing
-intercostal muscles
-diaphragm
Describe the diaphragm during breathing
-dome shaped at rest
-during inhalation, contracts and moves down
-increases amount of space in thoracic cavity
-drop in pressure air is drawn into lungs due to pressure differances
-diaphragm relaxes and air is pushed out
Hypoventilation
-to slow and/or too shallow
-buildup of CO2 and reduction of available O2
Hyperventilation
remove excessive amounts of CO2
-important for acid/base balance in the blood
Tidal volume
Amount of air that
moves into and out of the lungs
during normal breathing (~500mL)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The additional amount of
additional air that can be inhaled
after a normal inhalation
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of additional air
that can be exhaled after a
normal exhalation
Residual volume
-the volume of air that remains in the lungs after max exhalation
vital capacity
The total amount of air
exhaled after taking the
deepest breath possible
Total lung capacity
-maximum amount of air the lungs can hold after maximal breath in
Diffusion
Movement of blood gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar
epithelium and alveolar capillaries (“gas exchange”)
what drives diffusion?
.-gas pressures
-does not use energy
What does diffusion require?
adequate ventilation and perfusion
Fick’s law for pulmonary diffusion
Diffusing capacity of a membrane is dependent on
tissue thickness, surface area, solubility, and driving pressure
gradient
How do you measure diffusion?
blood gasses
-Diffusing capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide(DLCO)
Oxygenation
travel of oxygen from lung capillary to body tissues
How hemoglobin ‘unload’ oxygen?
-in the presence of higher CO2 concentrations, O2 affinity is lowered(O2 unloaded)
-Picks up CO2 from body
Thalassemia
-Genetic disorder affecting the synthesis of hemoglobin chains
-can’t carry a sufficient amount of oxygen
Hemoglobin
-Protein that carries oxygen once received from diffusion
-contains 4 Heme groups
-each heme group can bind on molecule of O2 using iron
Peak Flow meter
-way to self monitor lung function for patients with asthma
-record highest of 3 peak flow reading in morning and evening
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
max volume of air that can be exhaled
following maximal inspiration when patient is told to exhale with max speed & effort
Spirometry
–one of the most common pulmonary function tests
-Diagnosis and Management of many pulmonary diseases
-relies of lung volumes and flow of air over TIME
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
volume of air forcibly
exhaled from the lungs within 1 second following maximal inspiration
