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SoM Sem 2 Week 1 > pulmonary administration part 2 > Flashcards

pulmonary administration part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

for a drug to be delivered to respiratory tract, what must it be in the form of?

A

aerosol

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2
Q

what are the 4 factors that deposition is dependent on?

A
  • patient factors
  • formulation
  • delivery device
  • physiochemical characteristics of the drug
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3
Q

what is the most important physical property?

A

-aerodynamic diameter

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4
Q

what is the aerodynamic diameter dependent on (3 factors)

A

-size, shape and density of particle

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5
Q

in practice is it a polydisperse or monodisperse system

A

-polydisperse, but ideal to be mono disperse

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6
Q

what is the efficiency of the aerosol dependent on?

A

-deposition in respiratory tract

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7
Q

what is the site of deposition dependent on

A

-size of particle

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8
Q

under 10 particle size - where does it get deposited

A

-throat

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9
Q

5-10 particle size, deposition?

A

-upper airways

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10
Q

2-5 particle size, deposition?

A

-lower airways

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11
Q

0.5-2 particle size, deposition?

A

-alveolar region

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12
Q

under 0.5 size, deposition ?

A

-exhaled without deposition

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13
Q

under 0.1 size, deposition?

A

-alveolar region

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14
Q

where are the majority of B2 receptors located?

A

-pulmonary region

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15
Q

where are the majority of M3 receptors?

A
  • tracheobronhcial region

- less in pulmonary region

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16
Q

where is salbutamol delivered to?

A

-pulmonary region

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17
Q

what are the three main mechanisms for particle deposition?

A
  1. inertial impaction
  2. brownian diffusion
  3. gravitational sedimentation
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18
Q

what are the two side mechanisms?

A
  1. electrostatic attraction

2. interception

19
Q

does a particle have its own momentum when carried in aerosol stream?

A

-yes

20
Q

what happens when aerosol stream meets bend or obstacle?

A

direction changes

21
Q

what happens when the inertial force of particle interferes?

A

RESISTS change in direction

carries on original direction

22
Q

where does this inertial impact happen?

A
  • upper respiratory tract

- airflow is turbulent and air velocity is high

23
Q

does this happen to larger particles?

A

-yes

24
Q

what is gravitational sedimentation?

A
  • sedimentation of particles

- due to action of gravitational forces

25
Q

what is it determined by?

A

-stokes law

26
Q

does this happen to medium sized particles?

A

-yes

27
Q

where does this occur?

A

alveolar region, bronchioles and small bronchi

28
Q

what is the brownian diffusion?

A
  • particles below 0.5 are too small to be deposited by sedimentation or inertial impaction
  • particles are bombarded with molecules surrounding them in respiratory tract
  • therefore they move to areas where concentration is low, like airway walls
29
Q

is diffusion proportional to particle size?

A

-no, INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

30
Q

What is interception?

A
  • dimension of particle
  • similar to diameter of airway its passing
  • edge of particle comes in contact with surface of airway
  • particle is therefore TRAPPED.
31
Q

what is it important for?

A

-elongated particles not spherical

32
Q

what is electrostatic attraction?

A
  1. charged particles are produced when aerosol formed
  2. charged particles cause an OPPOSITE CHARGE on airway wall
  3. leads to electrostatic attraction between them
  4. leads to increased deposition
33
Q

what is the 1st barrier encountered after deposition?

A

Mucus layer

34
Q

what does the mucus layer do?

A

cover the walls of the respiratory tract

35
Q

does it vary in composition and thickness

A

yes

36
Q

what does it consist of? 4 points (LCSW)

A
  • lipid
  • carbohydrate
  • surfactant
  • water and mucin
37
Q

what is the dissolution of the particle dependent on?

A
  • composition of mucus layer at deposition site
38
Q

what is the mucociliary escalator

A
  • self cleaning mechanism
  • from the action of mucus and cilia
  • coordinated movement of cilia causes mucus to move towards pharynx
  • it is then swallowed
39
Q

where do the macrophages wander?

A
  • throughout the lung

- ingest particles and molecules rapidly in solution

40
Q

what do macrophages release?

A

-peroxides - degrade proteins

41
Q

what do granulocytes do?

A

migrate to airways
release proteases
phagocytose material

42
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

sensitises lung to future doses

responds to antigenic material

43
Q

what is the alveolar epithelium composed of?

A
  • type 1 and 2 alveolar cells

- very close together, creating large S.A.

44
Q

what are the 3 ways of transport through alveolar epithelium? VMI

A
  1. vesicles
  2. membrane pores
  3. intracellular tight junctions

SoM Sem 2 Week 1 (3 decks)

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